Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan

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The Nissan Leaf electric car is the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Japan.

The fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in Japan is the third largest in the world after the United States and China as of August 2015. Since 2009 over 121,000 plug-in electric vehicles have been sold in the country through August 2015.[1] During 2012, global sales of pure electric cars were led by Japan with a 28% market share of total sales, followed by the United States with a 26% share. Japan ranked second after the U.S. in terms of its share of plug-in hybrid sales in 2012, with a 12% of global sales.[2] A total of 29,716 highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles were sold in the country in 2013, representing a 0.55% market share of the 5.3 million new automobiles and kei cars sold during 2013.[3][4]

As of 30 September 2014, the Nissan Leaf all-electric car is the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the country, with 45,342 units sold since December 2010.[5][6] Ranking second is the Toyota Prius PHV with 19,100 units sold,[7] followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 17,968 units delivered.[8]

As of December 2012, Japan was the country with the highest ratio of quick charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of 0.030 as of December 2012. The country's charging infrastructure included 1,381 public quick-charge stations and around 300 non-domestic slow charger points.[2] The Japanese government has set up a target to deploy 2 million slow chargers and 5,000 fast charging points by 2020.[2]

Introduction and sales

File:Lawson-car.jpg
Mitsubishi i-MiEV recharging from an on-street charging station in Japan.

The first electric car available in the Japanese market was the Mitsubishi i MiEV, launched for fleet customers in Japan in late July 2009.[9][10] Retail sales to the public began in April 2010.[11][12][13] Cumulative sales since July 2009 reached 10,159 i-MiEVs through September 2014.[8][14] Sales of the Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV electric van began in December 2011, and a total of 5,334 units have been sold through September 2014.[8][15] A truck version of the Minicab MiEV was launched in January 2013,[16] with sales of 669 units through September 2014.[8][15] Mitsubishi also launched in January 2013 a plug-in hybrid version of the Outlander, called the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, becoming the first SUV plug-in hybrid in the world's market.[17] The SUV has an all-electric range of 60 km (37 mi).[17] The Outlander P-HEV sold 9,608 units during 2013, ranking as the second top selling plug-in electric car in Japan after the Nissan Leaf.[4][15] As of September 2014, Mitsubishi has sold 34,130 plug-in electric vehicles in Japan since July 2009.[8][14][15]

Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV in Japan.

The first prototype battery switch station from Better Place was demonstrated in Yokohama on May 14, 2009.[18] On April 2010, a 90-day switchable-battery electric taxi demonstration project was launched in Tokyo, using three Nissan Rogue crossover utility vehicles, converted into electric cars with switchable batteries provided by A123 Systems. The battery switch station deployed in Tokyo is more advanced than the Yokohama switch system demonstrated in 2009.[19][20][21] During the three-month field test the EV taxis accumulated over 25,000 miles (40,000 km) and swapped batteries 2,122 times, with an average battery swap time of 59.1 seconds. Nissan decided to continue the trial until late November 2010.[22]

Sales of the Nissan Leaf began on December 22, 2010, when the first 10 Leaf were delivered at the Kanagawa Prefecture. The Prefecture Government decided to assign six Leafs for official use and the other four were made available for the car rental service run by the local government.[23][24] Sales of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid began in January 2012, and a total of 19,100 units have been sold through September 2014.[7] The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid was introduced in Japan in June 2013 and it is available only for leasing, primarily to corporations and government agencies.[25] As of December 2013, the Accord PHEV ranked as the third best selling plug-in hybrid in the Japanese market.[26]

About 30,600 highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles were sold in the country in 2013,[6][7][8] representing a 0.58% market share of the 5.3 million new automobiles and kei cars sold during 2013.[3][4] Over 24,400 plug-in electric vehicles were sold during the first nine months of 2014.[6][7][8] Sales of the plug-in electric drive segment during 2013 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 13,021 units sold, up from 11,115 in 2012, allowing the Leaf to continue as the top selling plug-in electric car in the country since 2011.[5] Also during 2013, a total of 45 Nissan NMC all-electric low-speed neighborhood vehicles were sold in the country.[4] Sales during the first nine months of 2014 again were led by the Nissan Leaf with 10,877 units,[6] followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 8,630 units,[8] together representing 78.8% of the plug-in segment sales during this period.[5][6][7][8]

Retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Japan in September 2014.[27] The Leaf continued as the market leader in 2014 for the fourth year running with 14,177 units sold, followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 10,064 units, together representing about 80% of the plug-in segment sales in Japan in 2014.[28][29][30]

In 2015 the Outlander plug-in hybrid surpassed the Leaf as the top selling plug-in electric car in the country with 10,996 units sold, while the Leaf sold 9,057 units.[31] Japan is the Outlander P-HEV largest country market with 30,668 units sold through December 2015.[32] Since its introduction, Nissan has sold 57,699 Leafs by the end of December 2015, allowing the all-electric car to rank as the all-time best-selling plug-in car in the country.[33]

Sales by model

The following table presents sales for the top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles by year since July 2009 up to September 2014, totaling sales of about 99,000 plug-in electric vehicles, of which 62.6% are all-electric vehicles.[5][6][7][8][14][34]

Top selling highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles
available in the Japanese market between 2009 and September 2014
Model Market
launch		 Total
sales		 2014
CYTD		 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009
Nissan Leaf[5][6] Dec 2010 45,342 10,877 13,021 11,115 10,310 19
Toyota Prius PHV[7][35] Jan 2012 19,100 3,678 4,452 10,970
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV[8] Jan 2013 17,968 8,360 9,608
Mitsubishi i-MiEV[8][14] Jul 2009 10,159 757 1,491 2,295 2,290 2,340 986
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV van[8] Dec 2011 5,334 639 1,461 2,487 747
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV truck[8] Jan 2013 669 115 554
BMW i3[34] 2014 + 400 + 400(2)
Total sales Jul 2009 - Sept 2014 98,972 24,826 30,587 26,867 13,347 2,359 986
Notes: (1) The Tesla Model S and Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid are also available in Japan, but sales figures are not available.[26]
(2) Sales only between April and August 2014.

Future trends

According to a research report published by Navigant Research in April 2014, annual light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in the Greater Tokyo Area will surpass the Los Angeles metropolitan area in 2020, currently the city with the largest PEV city market. Navigant forecasts that over 35,000 PEVs will be sold in Tokyo in 2020, up from around 19,500 expected for 2014, and sales are predicted to reach almost 50,000 units in 2023.[36]

The light-duty plug-in electric vehicle fleet in Tokyo is expected to reach a market penetration of 2.3% of the city's light-duty stock in 2023, and to become the world's largest PEV city market with a PEV stock of around 260,000 in 2023, while Los Angeles is expected to have a stock of over 250,000 PEVs.[37] Due to its large population, over 35 million in 2014, Navigant predicts that by 2023 other cities with lower population will have a higher PEV market penetration. In 2023 the fleet of light duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in Oslo is expected to represent 10.7% of the city's total registered light-duty fleet, 7.7% in Amsterdam, and 2.5% in Paris.[36][37]

Charging infrastructure

The Japanese electric vehicle charging infrastructure climbed from only 60 public charging stations in early 2010[9] to 1,381 public quick-charge stations as of December 2012, representing the largest deployment of fast chargers in the world. The number of non-domestic slow charger points increased to around 300 units.[2] Japan also is the country with the highest ratio of quick charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of 0.030 as of December 2012.[2] There are 1,967 CHAdeMO quick charging stations across the country by April 2014.[38] The Japanese government has set up a target to deploy 2 million slow chargers and 5,000 fast charging points by 2020.[2] Currently all Family Mart convenience stores with sufficient parking space have one space specialized for quick-charge use or are in the process of having one installed.[citation needed]

Government incentives

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See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in Japan

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Japanese government introduced the first electric vehicle incentive program in 1996, and it was integrated in 1998 with the Clean Energy Vehicles Introduction Project, which provided subsidies and tax discounts for the purchase of electric, natural gas, methanol and hybrid electric vehicles. The project provided a purchase subsidy of up to 50% the incremental costs of a clean energy vehicle as compared with the price of a conventional engine vehicle.[39] This program was extended until 2003.[40]

Nissan Leaf taxi at the Kumamoto Prefecture.

In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the "Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure" that went into effect on June 19, 2009, but retroactive to April 10, 2009.[41] The program established tax deductions and exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, according to a set of stipulated environmental performance criteria, and the requirements are applied equally to both foreign and domestically produced vehicles. The program provided purchasing subsidies for two type of cases, consumers purchasing a new passenger car without trade-in (non-replacement program), and for those consumers buying a new car trading an used car registered 13 years ago or earlier (scrappage program).[41][42]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000 yen (~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) to 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).[41][43][44]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a 13-year or older vehicle are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000 yen (~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) to 1,800,000 yen (~US$19,000).[41][43][44]

All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010.[43][44]

See also

References

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External links

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See pp. 4, 6-8, and 11-12.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Excludes sales of Nissan NMC units (45), which is a low-speed neighborhood vehicle.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A total of 10,877 units were sold in Japan during the first nine months of 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. As of September 2014, Prius PHV cumulative sales in Japan totaled 19,100 units and 65,300 units globally.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A total of 5,334 Minicab vans and 669 mini truck versions have been sold through September 2014.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cumulative Outlander P-HEV sales in Japan totaled 9,608 units through December 2013.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ http://blog.betterplace.com/2010/04/countdown-to-the-opening-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-switchable-battery-electric-taxi-operation/
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A total of 14,177 units were sold in Japan during 2014.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A total of 30,668 Outlander P-HEVs have been sold in Japan through December 2015.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Leaf sales in Japan totaled 9,057 units in 2015. A total of 2,503 units were sold in January 2016. As of December 2015, cumulative sales totaled 57,699 units since the Leaf introduction in December 2010.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Prius Plug-in Hybrid sales by year between 2012 and September 2014.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See Chart 1.1 for annual LD PEV sales in Los Angeles, Tokyo and Paris between 2014 and 2023.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See pages 45–46.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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