New energy vehicles in China

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Annual sales of new energy vehicles in China between January 2011 and December 2015.[1][2][3][4][5]

The fleet of passenger new energy vehicles in China is the second largest in the world after the United States, with cumulative sales of around 300,000 plug-in cars sold since 2011 through March 2016.[6] As of December 2015, the Chinese passenger new energy vehicles represented 21% of the global stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles.[7] The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and only battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives. Initially, conventional hybrids were also included.[8]

The stock of new energy vehicles sold in China since 2011 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March 2016, making the country the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only include vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies.[9] As of March 2016, the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consisted of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%).[9]

As of December 2014, a total of 83,198 plug-in electric passenger cars had been registered in the country since 2008.[10] With a record of 176,627 plug-in passenger cars sold in 2015, China became the world's best-selling plug-in electric car country market that year, with 34.2% of 2015 global sales.[7][11]

As of April 2016, cumulative new energy sales since 2011, totaled 534,344 units including all vehicle segments.[9] Over 160,000 heavy-duty new energy vehicles have been sold between 2011 and 2015, of which, 123,710 (77.2%) were sold in 2015.[5][10] Sales of commercial new energy vehicles in 2015 consisted of 100,763 all-electric vehicles (81.5%) and 22,947 plug-in hybrid vehicles (18.5%).[5] The share of all-electric bus sales in the Chinese bus market climbed from 2% in 2010 to 9.9% in 2012, and was expected to be closed to 20% for 2013.[12] As of December 2015, China is the world's largest electric bus market, and by 2020, the country is expected to account for more than 50% of the global electric bus market.[13]

Government policies and incentives

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See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicle in China

The Chinese government adopted in 2009 a plan to leapfrog current automotive technology, and seize the growing new energy vehicle (NEV) market to become of the world leaders in manufacturing of all-electric and hybrid vehicles. The government's political support for the adoption of electric vehicles has four goals, to create a world-leading industry that would produce jobs and exports; energy security to reduce its oil dependence which comes from the Middle East; to reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce its carbon emissions.[14][15] However, a study by Mckinsey found that even though local air pollution would be reduced by replacing a gasoline car with a similar-size electric car, it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by only 19%, as China uses coal for 75% of its electricity production.[15] The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-in electric vehicles, and only pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are subject to purchase incentives. Initially, conventional hybrids were also included.[8]

Launched in China in December 2008, the BYD F3DM became the world's first mass-produced plug-in hybrid car.[16]

On June 1, 2010, the Chinese government announced a trial program to provide incentives for new energy vehicles of up to 60,000 yuan (~US$9,281 in June 2011) for private purchase of new battery electric vehicles and 50,000 yuan (~US$7,634 in June 2011) for plug-in hybrids in five cities.[17][18] The cities participating in the pilot program are Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Hefei and Changchun. The subsidies are paid directly to automakers rather than consumers, but the government expects that vehicle prices will be reduced accordingly. The amount of the subsidy will be reduced once 50,000 units are sold.[17][18] Electricity utilities have been ordered to set up electric car charging stations in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.[15][19] The government set the goal to raise the country's annual production capacity to 500,000 plug-in hybrid or all-electric cars and buses by the end of 2011, up from 2,100 in 2008.[15]

In June 2012 the State Council of China published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new energy vehicles by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.[20][21] According a report by Mckinsey, electric vehicle sales between January 2009 and June 2012 represented less than 0.01% of new car sales in China.[22] A mid-September 2013 joint announcement by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries confirmed that the central government would provide a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for an electric bus. The subsidies are part of the government's efforts to address China's problematic air pollution.[23]

BYD e6 all-electric taxi in Shenzhen, China.

The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) expected that sales of electric and hybrid electric vehicles in China would reach 60,000 to 80,000 units in 2014.[3] As sales have been much lower than initially expected, and most of the deployed NEV stock has been purchased by the government for public fleets, new monetary incentives were issued in 2014, and the national government set a sales target of 160,000 units for 2014.[24][25] Although the goal was not achieved, new energy vehicles sales in 2014 totaled 74,763 units, up 324% from 2013. The China Industrial Association of Power Sources expected new energy vehicle sales to reach between 200,000 and 220,000 NEVs in 2015, and 400,000 units in 2016.[26] The surge in demand continued in 2015, with a total of 331,092 NEVs sold in 2015, rising 343% year-on-year.[4][5] CAAM expects new energy vehicle sales to more than double 2015 sales and reach 700,000 NEVs in 2016.[27]

As intercity driving is rare in China, electric cars provide several practical advantages because commutes are fairly short and at low speeds due to traffic congestion. These particular local conditions make the range limitation of all-electric cars less of a problem, especially as the latest Chinese models have a top speed of 100 km/h (60 mph) and a range of 200 km (120 mi) between charges.[15] As of May 2010, Chinese automakers have developed at least 10 models of high-speed, all-electric cars with plans for volume production.[28]

The Chinese government reafirmed their priority to promote new energy vehicles in its 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020). The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the document that emphasizes boosting technological innovations in the manufacturing of new energy vehicles and promoting the use of electric cars, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles, included in its latest Five-Year Plan. The consulting firm PwC estimates the sales of new-energy vehicles in China will climb to 1.4 million units by 2020, and about 3.75 million units by 2025.[29]

Tesla Model S in Beijing.

As part of its commitment to promote electric vehicles, the Chinese government announced plans in September 2015 to build a nationwide charging-station network to fulfil the power demand of 5 million electric vehicles by 2020. This network will cover residential areas, business districts, public space and inter-city highways, according to a guideline released by the State Council. Also, the plan mandates that new residential complexes should build charging points or assign space for them, while public parking lots should have no less than 10% of parking spaces with charging facilities. According to the guideline, there should be at least one public charging station for every 2,000 NEVs.[30] Also the State Council ordered local governments not to restrict the sales or use of new energy cars.[29]

In October 2015, Tesla Motor announced the company is negotiating with the Chinese government on producing its electric cars domestically. Local production has the potential to reduce the sales prices of Tesla models by a third, and so improving the weak sales of the Model S.[31] A Model S starts at about US$76,000 in the U.S., while in China pricing starts at CN¥673,000, about US$106,000, after duties and other taxes.[32] Foreign automakers are generally required to establish a joint venture with a Chinese company to produce cars domestically.[31]

In April 2016 the Traffic Management Bureau under the Ministry of Public Security announced the introduction of new green license plates to identify new energy vehicles, as opposed to the country's standard blue plates. The NEV plates include a Chinese character short for the provincial region where they are issued, and seven numbers and letters, compared to six on standard plates. The objective of the special plates is to facilite police enforcement of the preferential policies that some local authorities apply to cleaner cars to help cut emissions and ease traffic. For example, central Beijing has in place a road space rationing scheme, a driving restriction regulation that bans conventional vehicles from entering the city for one day a week, but new energy vehicles are exempted from the restriction.[33] Beijing also introduced a vehicle quota system in 2011, awarding new car licenses through a lottery, with a ceiling of 6 million units for 2017. New energy vehicles were placed in a special category where the odds of winning a license plate are much higher than conventional autos.[34]

New energy vehicle sales

New energy vehicle sales between January 2011 and April 2016 totaled 534,344 units, of which, almost 93% were sold between January 2014 and April 2016. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only include vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies.[9] As of March 2016, the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consisted of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%).[9]

All-electric buses account for a significant share of the Chinese stock of new energy vehicles. Shown a BYD K9 bus in Shenzhen.

According to the Minister of Science and Technology, by mid-2013 more than 80% of the country's plug-in stock was on duty in public fleet vehicles, used mainly in public transport, for both bus and taxi services, and also in solid waste recollection services (sanitation trucks).[14][35][36] As of December 2014, a total of 83,198 plug-in electric passenger cars and 36,500 pure electric buses had been registered in the country since 2008.[10] With record sales of 176,627 plug-in passenger cars in 2015, China became the world's best-selling plug-in electric car country market in 2015, ahead of the United States, the leading market in 2014.[7][37] As of March 2016, in terms of light-duty plug-in electric car stock, China ranks second after the United States, with cumulative sales of around 300,000 plug-in cars sold since 2011.[6] As of December 2015, the Chinese passenger new energy vehicles represented 21% of the global stock of light-duty plug-in electric cars.[7]

As of December 2015, China is the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses, plug-in trucks, particularly sanitation/garbage trucks.[38][14] Over 160,000 heavy-duty new energy vehicles have been sold between 2011 and 2015, of which, 123,710 (77.2%) were sold in 2015.[5][10] Sales of commercial new energy vehicles in 2015 consisted of 100,763 all-electric vehicles (81.5%) and 22,947 plug-in hybrid vehicles (18.5%).[5] The share of all-electric bus sales in the Chinese bus market climbed from 2% in 2010 to 9.9% in 2012, and was expected to be closed to 20% for 2013.[12] As of December 2015, China is the world's largest electric bus market, and by 2020, the country is expected to account for more than 50% of the global electric bus market.[13]

2011-2013

JAC J3 iEV electric car

A total of 8,159 new energy vehicles were sold in China during 2011, including passenger cars (61%) and buses (28%). Of these, 5,579 units were all-electric vehicles and 2,580 plug-in hybrids.[1] Electric vehicle sales represented 0.04% of total new car sales in 2011.[39] Sales of new energy vehicles in 2012 reached 12,791 units, which includes 11,375 all-electric vehicles and 1,416 plug-in hybrids.[2] New energy vehicle sales in 2012 represented 0.07% of the country's total new car sales.[40] During 2013 new energy vehicle sales totaled 17,642 units, up 37.9% from 2012 and representing 0.08% of the nearly 22 million new car sold in the country in 2013. Deliveries included 14,604 pure electric vehicles and 3,038 plug-in hybrids.[3][41] In addition, a total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in 2013, most of which are powered by lead-acid batteries and not accounted by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns.[3]

The top selling new energy car in China between 2011 and 2013 was the Chery QQ3 EV city car, with 2,167 units sold in 2011, 3,129 in 2012, and 5,727 in 2013.[14] The JAC J3 EV ranked second in 2012 with 2,485 units sold, followed by the BYD e6 with 1,690 cars.[14] During 2013, the BYD e6 ranked second with 1,544 units sold, followed by the BAIC E150 EV with 1,466 units.[14] The BYD Qin plug-in hybrid was launched in the country in December 2013.[42] The Qin replaced the BYD F3DM, the world's first mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile, launched in China in December 2008.[43][44][45]

2014

In April 2014 Dongfeng Nissan announced that retail sales of the Chinese manufactured version of the Nissan Leaf, the Venucia e30, were scheduled to begin in September 2014.[46] The Venucia e30 sold 582 units in 2014.[47]

The BYD Qin, released in December 2013, became the all-time top selling passenger new energy vehicle in China since 2014.[48] Cumulative sales totaled 46,787 units through December 2015.[3][47][49]

The first Tesla Model S retail deliveries took place in Beijing on 22 April 2014.[50] About 2,800 Model S sedans have been imported by mid September 2014, but only 432 had received the license plates.[51] According to a Tesla spokesman, the major reasons for the discrepancy could be that registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai, and Tesla only recently was able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai. Secondly, many Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S car while waiting for the government to add the Tesla to the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8% to 10% purchase tax.[51][52] As of January 2015, a total of 2,968 Model S cars have been registered in China.[53][54]

New energy vehicle sales in China during 2014 totaled 74,763 units, consisting of 45,048 all-electric vehicles, and 29,715 plug-in hybrids. Of these, 71% were passenger cars, 27% buses, and 1% trucks.[47] Pure electric vehicle sales increased 210% from 2013 while plug-in hybrid sales grew 880% from the previous year. Production of new energy vehicles in the country in 2014 reached 78,499 units, up 350% from 2013. The plug-in electric segment market share reached 0.32% of the 23.5 million new car sales sold in 2014.[4] The BYD Qin ranked as the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2014, with 14,747 units sold during the year,[47] and became the country's top selling plug-in passenger car ever.[48] The Qin was followed by the all-electrics Kandi EV with 14,398, Zotye Zhidou E20, with 7,341 units, and BAIC E150 EV with 5,234.[47][55]

2015

Domestically produced new energy vehicle sales in 2015 totaled a record 331,092 units, consisting of 247,482 all-electric vehicles and 83,610 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 449% and 191% from 2014, respectively.[5] Sales of plug-in passenger cars, excluding imports, totaled 176,627 units in 2015, allowing China to rank as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car country market in 2015, and ahead of the U.S. which was the top selling country in 2014.[7] The plug-in electric passenger car segment market share rose to 0.84% in 2015, up from 0.25% in 2014.[56] The top selling plug-in passenger models in 2015 were the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid with 31,898 units sold,[49] followed by the BYD Tang (18,375),[57] and the all-electrics Kandi EV (16,736), BAIC E150/160/200 EV (16,488), and the Zotye Z100 EV (15,467).[58]

The BYD Tang was released in June 2015, and ended as the second best-selling plug-in electric car in China in 2015 with 18,375 units sold.[59]

September 2015 achieved the best monthly NEV sales volume on record, with 20,892 units sold.[60][61] BYD Auto also achieved record monthly sales volume, with 5,749 of its plug-in cars delivered in September 2015, consisting of 3,044 Tangs, 2,115 Qins, 465 e6s and 125 units of the new all-electric e5.[62] Sales of new energy vehicles in October 2015 totaled 34,316 units, a new sales record and five times higher year-on-year. Cumulative sales of NEVs reached 171,145 units during the first ten months of 2015.[63] Sales of new energy passenger cars also reached a record sales volume, with 21,375 plug-in cars sold in October 2015, up from 18,047 the previous month, and totaling 115,058 new energy cars sold during the first ten months of 2015.[64]

Cumulative sales of new energy vehicles new energy vehicles in China between January 2011 and March 2016. The 500,000 unit milestone was passed in March 2016.[1][2][3][4][5][65]

As of December 2015, with 31,898 units sold in 2015, the BYD Qin continued to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in passenger car in the country, with cumulative sales of 46,787 units since its introduction.[3][47][48][49] The BYD Qin was the world's second best selling plug-in hybrid car in 2015 after the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, and also ranked fifth among the world's top selling plug-in electric cars in 2015.[66] BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with around 60,000 units sold, followed by Tesla Motors, with 50,580 units sold in 2015.[66][67]

2016

Sales of domestically produced new energy vehicle sales totaled 58,125 units during the first quarter of 2016, consisting of 42,131 all-electric vehicles and 15,994 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 140% and 43% from the same quarter in 2015, respectively.[65] Sales in the new energy passenger segment totaled 39,500 units, consisting of 24,480 all-electric cars and 14,800 plug-in hybrids, up 63% and 37% from the same quarter in 2015, correspondinly.[68] Accounting for sales during the first quarter of 2016, a total of 502,572 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011. An additional 31,772 NEVs were sold in April 2016, raising cumulative sales to 534,344 NEVs between January 2011 and April 2016.[9]

The top selling plug-in passenger car models during the first quarter of 2016 were the BYD Tang with 9,221 units, followed by the BAIC E-Series EV (5,583), JAC i EV (4,410), BYD e6 (3,807), and BYD Qin (2,952 - including the all-electric variant EV300).[69]

Passenger cars sales by model

The following table presents annual sales of new energy passenger cars by model between January 2011 and December 2015.


Sales of top selling new energy passenger vehicles in China by model
between January 2011 and December 2015
Model Total sales
2011-2015		 NEV segment
market
share(1)		 Sales
2015[49][57][58][59]		 Sales
2014[47][55][70]		 Sales
2013[14][41]		 Sales
2012[14][71]		 Sales
2011[14][72][73]
BYD Qin 46,787 10.5% 31,898 14,747 142 N/A N/A
Kandi EV 31,134 7.0% 16,736 14,398 N/A N/A N/A
BAIC E150/160/200 EV 23,832 5.4% 16,488 5,234 1,466 644
BYD Tang 18,375 4.1% 18,375 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Chery QQ3 EV 16,247(2) 3.7% 3,208(2) 2,016(3) 5,727 3,129 2,167
Zotye Cloud/Z100 EV 15,467 3.5% 15,467 N/A N/A N/A N/A
JAC J3/iEV 15,279 3.5% ~9,000 ~1,000 1,309 2,485 1,585(4)
BYD e6 14,257(5) 3.2% 7,029 3,560 1,544 1,690 401
Zotye Zhidou E20 13,726 3.1% 6,385 7,341 N/A N/A N/A
SAIC Roewe 550 PHEV 11,711 2.6% 10,711 ~1,000 N/A N/A N/A
Chery eQ 7,804 1.8% 7,262 542 N/A N/A N/A
Tesla Model S[31][53][54] 5,524(6) 1.2% 3,025(6) 2,499 N/A N/A N/A
Geely-Kandi Panda EV 4,939 1.1% 3,654 1,285 N/A N/A N/A
Zhidou D2 3,777 0.8% 3,777 N/A N/A N/A N/A
BYD F3DM 3,284(5) 0.7% N/A N/A 1,005 1,201 613
Denza EV 3,020 0.7% 2,888 132 N/A N/A N/A
Zhidou D1 2,387 0.5% 2,387 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Venucia e30 2,071 0.5% 1,271 582 N/A N/A N/A
BYD e5 1,426 0.3% 1,426 N/A N/A N/A N/A
SAIC Roewe E50 1,227 0.3% 412 168 409 238 N/A
Zotye TT EV 1,984 0.4% 1,984 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total new energy vehicles sales[1][2][3][4][5] 444,447(7) - 331,092 74,763 17,642 12,791 8,159
Notes:

(1) Model market share as percentage of the 444,447 new energy vehicles sold between 2011 and December 2015.
(2) Only sales between January and June 2015.[74]
(3) Only includes sales between January and March 2014.
(4) Combined sales for 2010 and 2011.[73]
(5) BYD e6 total includes 33 units sold in 2010. F3DM total includes 417 units sold in 2010 and 48 in 2009.[75][76]
(6) Tesla Model S sales through September 2015.
(7) Total annual NEV sales figures include heavy-duty vehicles, such all-electric buses and santitation trucks, but do not include Tesla Model S sales nor any other imports.

See also

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worlwide in 2014, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is the leading market with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China with 258,328 units sold since 2011.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. As of March 2016, a total of 502,572 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011, consisting of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%). With 31,772 NEVs sold in April 2016, cumulative sales totaled 534,344 NEVs between January 2011 and April 2016.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The EV Outlook 2015 figures include only plug-in electric passenger cars and SUVs (excludes light-weight utility vehicles) and total sales/registrations figures correspond to the 16 EVI countries, which are estimated to represent 95% of the global PEV stock. As of December 2014, the Japanese stock of plug-in cars totaled 108,241 units, and China had about 36,500 all-electric buses.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See the monthly sales graph/table in top of the article for an accurate figure of 2015 sales: 176,627 plug-in passenger cars.
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  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See graph with monthly sales.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 (50,366), followed by the Nissan Leaf (about 43,000), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (over 40,000), the BYD Qin (31,898) and the BMW i3 (24,057). BYD Auto ended 2015 with 58,728 units sold in China (includes BYD Qin, Tang, e6 and e5 vehicles).
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. BYD Auto delivered 31,898 Qins, 18,375 Tangs, and 7,029 e6s during 2015. Added to that are small numbers of the T3 small commercial van and e5 battery-electric compact sedan, along with 2,888 Denza EV compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler. Altogether, BYD sold a total of 61,722 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China in 2015.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.A total of 613 F3DMs and 401 e6s were sold during 2011 and 1,201 F3DMs and 1,690 e6s in 2012.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. A total of 1,585 of the first and second generation models were sold during 2010 and 2011..
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 48 F3DMs were sold in 2009.

External links

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