Tibetan pinyin
The SASM/GNC/SRC romanization of Tibetan, commonly known as Tibetan pinyin, is the official transcription system for the Tibetan language in the People's Republic of China for personal names and place names.[citation needed] It is based on the Lhasa dialect of Standard Tibetan and reflects the pronunciation very accurately[citation needed], except that it does not mark tone. It is used within China as an alternative to the Wylie transliteration for writing Tibetan in the Latin script;[citation needed] for use within academic circles, Wylie transliteration (with v instead of apostrophe) is more commonly used.
Contents
Overview
Onsets overview
Independent onset occurred in initial syllable of a word is transcribed as following:
| ཀ་ | ཁ་ ག་ |
ང་ | ཅ་ | ཆ་ ཇ་ |
ཉ་ | ཏ་ | ཐ་ ད་ |
ན་ | པ་ | ཕ་ བ་ |
མ་ | ཙ་ | ཚ་ ཛ་ |
ཝ་ | ཞ་ ཤ་ |
ཟ་ ས་ |
ཡ་ | ར་ | ལ་ | ཧ་ | ཀྱ་ | ཁྱ་ གྱ་ |
ཀྲ་ | ཁྲ་ གྲ་ |
ཧྲ་ | ལྷ་ |
| g | k | ng | j | q | ny | d | t | n | b | p | m | z | c | w | x | s | y | r | l | h | gy | ky | zh | ch | sh | lh |
For more general case, see #Onsets.
Vowels and final consonant
The seventeen vowels of the Lhasa dialect are represented in Tibetan pinyin as follows:
| IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | i | ĩ | in |
| e | ê | ẽ | en |
| ɛ | ai/ä | ɛ̃ | ain/än |
| a | a | ã | an |
| u | u | ũ | un |
| o | o | õ | on |
| ɔ | o | ||
| y | ü | ün | |
| ø | oi/ö | ø̃ | oin/ön |
Syllable-final -r is usually not spoken, but lengthens the preceding vowel. Syllable-final -n of the written forms usually nasalises the preceding vowel. This is how syllable-final consonants are transcribed:
| IPA | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|
| p | b |
| ʔ | g/— |
| r | r |
| m | m |
| ŋ | ng |
Single syllable orthography
The tone of a syllable depends mostly on its initial consonant. In this table, each initial is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) with the vowel a and a tone mark to present tone register (high/low).
Onsets
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of onsets of an initial syllable of a word. If the syllable to transcribe is not the first syllable of a word, see #Onset variation.
| IPA | Wylie transliteration | Tibetan pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| pá | p, sp, dp, lp | b |
| pà | rb, sb, sbr | b |
| mpà | lb, ’b | b |
| pʰá | ph, ’ph | p |
| pʰà | b | p |
| má | rm, sm, dm, smr | m |
| mà | m, mr | m |
| wà | w, db, b[1] | w |
| tá | t, rt, lt, st, tw, gt, bt, brt, blt, bst, bld | d |
| ntá | lth | d |
| tà | rd, sd, gd, bd, brd, bsd | d |
| ntà | zl, bzl, ld, md, ’d | d |
| tʰá | th, mth, ’th | t |
| tʰà | d, dw | t |
| ná | rn, sn, gn, brn, bsn, mn | n |
| nà | n | n |
| lá | kl, gl, bl, rl, sl, brl, bsl | l |
| là | l, lw | l |
| l̥á | lh | lh |
| tsá | ts, rts, sts, rtsw, stsw, gts, bts, brts, bsts | z |
| tsà | rdz, gdz, brdz | z |
| ntsà | mdz, ’dz | z |
| tsʰá | tsh, tshw, mtsh, ’tsh | c |
| tsʰà | dz | c |
| sá | s, sr, sw, gs, bs, bsr | s |
| sà | z, zw, gz, bz | s |
| ʈʂá | kr, rkr, lkr, skr, tr, pr, lpr, spr, dkr, dpr, bkr, bskr, bsr | zh |
| ʈʂà | rgr, lgr, sgr, dgr, dbr, bsgr, rbr, lbr, sbr | zh |
| ɳʈʂà | mgr, ’gr, ’dr, ’br | zh |
| ʈʂʰá | khr, thr, phr, mkhr, ’khr, ’phr | ch |
| ʈʂʰà | gr, dr, br, grw | ch |
| ʂá | hr | sh |
| rà | r, rw | r |
| cá | ky, rky, lky, sky, dky, bky, brky, bsky | gy |
| cà | rgy, lgy, sgy, dgy, bgy, brgy, bsgy | gy |
| ɲcà | mgy, ’gy | gy |
| cʰá | khy, mkhy, ’khy | ky |
| cʰà | gy | ky |
| tɕá | c, cw, gc, bc, lc, py, lpy, spy, dpy | j |
| tɕà | rby, lby, sby, rj, gj, brj, dby | j |
| ɲtɕà | lj, mj, ’j, ’by | j |
| tɕʰá | ch, mch, ’ch, phy, ’phy | q |
| tɕʰà | j, by | q |
| ɕá | sh, shw, gsh, bsh | x |
| ɕà | zh, zhw, gzh, bzh | x |
| ɲá | rny, sny, gny, brny, bsny, mny, nyw, rmy, smy | ny |
| ɲà | ny, my | ny |
| já | g.y | y |
| jà | y | y |
| ká | k, rk, lk, sk, kw, dk, bk, brk, bsk | g |
| kà | rg, lg, sg, dg, bg, brg, bsg | g |
| ŋkà | lg, mg, ’g | g |
| kʰá | kh, khw, mkh, ’kh | k |
| kʰà | g, gw | k |
| ŋá | rng, lng, sng, dng, brng, bsng, mng | ng |
| ŋà | ng | ng |
| ʔá | —, db | — |
| ʔà | ’ | — |
| há | h, hw | h |
Rimes
Below is a comprehensive transcription table of rimes of a final syllable of a word, with IPA transcription for the Lhasa dialect.[2] If the syllable to transcribe is not the final syllable of a word, see #Coda variation.
Take "ཨ" to be the consonant (not "◌").
| ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། |
ཨག། ཨགས། |
ཨབ། ཨབས། |
ཨད། ཨས། |
ཨང༌། ཨངས། |
ཨམ། ཨམས། |
ཨན། |
| a | au | ar | ai/ä | ag | ab | ai/ä | ang | am | ain/än |
| [a] | [au̯] | [aː] | [ɛ:] | [aʡ] | [əp̚] | [ɛ] | [aŋ] | [am] | [ɛ̃ː] |
| ཨི། | ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། |
ཨིར། | ཨིལ། ཨའི། |
ཨིག། ཨིགས། |
ཨིབ། ཨིབས། |
ཨིད། ཨིས། |
ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། |
ཨིམ། ཨིམས། |
ཨིན། |
| i | iu | ir | i | ig | ib | i | ing | im | in |
| [i] | [iu̯] | [iː] | [iː] | [iʡ] | [ip̚] | [i] | [iŋ] | [im] | [ĩː] |
| ཨུ། | ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི། |
ཨུག། ཨུགས། |
ཨུབ། ཨུབས། |
ཨུད། ཨུས། |
ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། |
ཨུམ། ཨུམས། |
ཨུན། | |
| u | ur | ü | ug | ub | ü | ung | um | ün | |
| [u] | [uː] | [yː] | [uʡ] | [up̚] | [y] | [uŋ] | [um] | [ỹː] | |
| ཨེ། | ཨེར། | ཨེལ། ཨེའི། |
ཨེག། ཨེགས། |
ཨེབ། ཨེབས། |
ཨེད། ཨེས། |
ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། |
ཨེམ། ཨེམས། |
ཨེན། | |
| ê | êr | ê | êg | êb | ê | êng | êm | ên | |
| [e] | [eː] | [eː] | [eʡ] | [ep̚] | [e] | [eŋ] | [em] | [ẽː] | |
| ཨོ། | ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། |
ཨོག། ཨོགས། |
ཨོབ། ཨོབས། |
ཨོད། ཨོས། |
ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། |
ཨོམ། ཨོམས། |
ཨོན། | |
| o | or | oi/ö | og | ob | oi/ö | ong | om | oin/ön | |
| [o] | [oː] | [øː] | [oʡ] | [op̚] | [ø] | [oŋ] | [om] | [ø̃ː] |
Intersyllable influence
Onset variation
- Bare low aspirated variation
- k*, q*, t*, p*, x*, s*, ky*, ch* become g*, j*, d*, b*, ?*, ?*, gy*, zh* respectively
- pa* (་བ) and po* (་བོ) become wa and wo respectively
Coda variation
- Ngoinjug of next syllable
- Prenasalization of next syllable
Examples
Sometimes there is intersyllable influence, e.g.:
| Tibetan script | Tibetan pinyin | Wylie (EWTS) | Lhasa IPA | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ། | Mapam Yumco | ma-pham g.yu-mtsho | [mapʰam jumtsʰo] | forward shift of prefix མ |
| ཁྲ་འབྲུག་དགོན་པ། | Changzhug Gönba | khra-’brug dgon-pa | [ʈ͡ʂʰaŋʈ͡ʂ˭uk k˭ø̃p˭a] |
Examples
| Tibetan Script | Wylie | Tibetan pinyin | Tournadre | other transcriptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ | Gzhis-ka-rtse | Xigazê | Zhikatse | Shigatse, Shikatse |
| བཀྲ་ཤིས་ལྷུན་པོ་ | Bkra-shis-lhun-po | Zhaxilhünbo | Trashilhünpo | Tashilhunpo, Tashilhümpo, etc. |
| འབྲས་སྤུང་ | ’Bras-spung | Zhaibung | Dräpung | Drebung |
| ཆོས་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་ | Chos-kyi Rgyal-mtshan | Qoigyi Gyaicain | Chökyi Gyältshän | Choekyi Gyaltsen |
| ཐུབ་བསྟན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ | Thub-bstan Rgya-mtsho | Tubdain Gyaco | Thuptän Gyatsho | Thubten Gyatso, Thubtan Gyatso, Thupten Gyatso |
See also
- Standard Tibetan
- Tibetan alphabet
- Wylie transliteration
- THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription
- Hanyu pinyin
Notes
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- Zhōngguó Shǎoshù mínzúyǔ dìmíng hànyǔ pīnyīn Zìmǔ yīnyì zhuǎnxiěfǎ 中国少数民族语地名汉语拼音字母音译转写法
- Guójiā cèhuìjú dìmíng yánjiūsuǒ 国家测绘局地名研究所 (Institute for Place Names of the State Survey Bureau; ed.). Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 / Gazetteer of China. (Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4. Contains official spellings for place names.
- Zàngwén Pīnyīn Jiàocái – Lāsàyīn 藏文拼音教材•拉萨音 / bod yig gi sgra sbyor slob deb, lha sa'i skad (Course in the Pöyig Kigajor of Lhasa dialect; Běijīng 北京, Mínzú chūbǎnshè 民族出版社 1983), ISBN 7-105-02577-8. Pöyig Kigajor (ZWPY) is a modified version of the official transcription "Tibetan pinyin" (ZYPY), with tone letters.
- Wylie, Turrell: A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1959, p. 261-267.
- David Germano, Nicolas Tournadre: THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription of Standard Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library, December 12, 2003).
- The Transliteration and Transcription of Tibetan (Tibetan & Himalayan Library)
- Romanization of Tibetan Geographical Names – UNGEGN
