Stanhopea

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Stanhopea
File:Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg
Stanhopea insignis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Epidendroideae
Tribe:
Maxillarieae
Subtribe:
Stanhopeinae
Genus:
Stanhopea

J. Frost ex Hook. 1829
Type species
Stanhopea insignis
J.Frost ex Hook.
Synonyms[1]
  • Ceratochilus Lindl. ex G.Lodd 1829, illegitimate homonym not Blume 1825
  • Stanhopeastrum Rchb.f.
  • Gerlachia Szlach.
  • Tadeastrum Szlach.

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar/candidate at line 22: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

Stanhopea (J. Frost ex Hook. 1829) is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) from Central and South America.[2] The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is Stan. The genus is named for the 4th Earl of Stanhope (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). These epiphytic, but occasionally terrestrial orchids can be found in damp forests from Mexico to NW Argentina.[1][3][4][5] Their ovate pseudobulbs carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic leaf.

Stanhopea is noted for its complex and usually fragrant flowers that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant inflorescences are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the infloresence push through. They are sometimes called upside-down orchids.

Primitive Stanhopeas[6]

Most Stanhopea flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; S. annulata, S. avicula, S. cirrhata, S. ecornuta and S. pulla. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; S. candida, S. grandiflora, S. reichenbachiana, S. tricornis and the natural hybrid S. x herrenhusana. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.

With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the flowers must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine bees to the flower. These male euglossine bees are known to be important pollinators of Stanhopea flowers, collecting fragrances at these flowers over their lifetime and storing them in their hind tibia. Bees in the Euglossini tribe, including Eulaema meriana, are known to pollinate these flowers supposedly because the orchids can deceptively mimic the form of a female and her sex pheromone.[7] When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long column is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up pollinia at the very tip of the column. When the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the stigma.

The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see Stanhopeinae and the closely related sister subtribe Coeliopsidinae..

Species

File:Stanhopea tigrina.jpg
Stanhopea tigrina
File:Stanhopea-grandiflora.jpg
Stanhopea oculata
File:Stanhopea.graveolens.web.jpg
Stanhopea ruckeri

Natural hybrids

  • Stanhopea × fowlieana (Stanhopea costaricensis × Stanhopea ecornuta) (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea × herrenhusana (Stanhopea reichenbachiana × Stanhopea tricornis) (Colombia)
  • Stanhopea × horichiana (Stanhopea ecornuta × Stanhopea wardii) (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea × lewisae (Stanhopea ecornuta × Stanhopea inodora) (Guatemala)
  • Stanhopea × thienii (Stanhopea annulata × Stanhopea impressa) (Ecuador)

Intergeneric hybrids

  • × Aciopea (Acineta × Stanhopea). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha × Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia).
    • × Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
  • × Cirrhopea (Cirrhaea × Stanhopea)
  • × Coryhopea (Coryanthes × Stanhopea)
  • × Stangora (Gongora × Stanhopea)
  • × Stanhocycnis (Polycycnis × Stanhopea)

Gallery

Species

  • Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea anfracta

  • Stanhopea annulata Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea annulata

  • Stanhopea candida Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea candida

  • Stanhopea cirrhata Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea cirrhata

  • Stanhopea connata Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea connata

  • Stanhopea costaricensis - Curtis 146 (ser, 4 no. 16) pl. 8830 (1920).jpg

    Stanhopea costaricensis

  • Stanhopea ecornuta Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea ecornuta

  • Stanhopea embreei Orchi 001.jpg

    Stanhopea embreei

  • Stanhopea grandiflora - fl 2.jpg

    Stanhopea grandiflora

Natural Hybrids

  • Stanhopea x horichiana Orchi 01.jpg

    Stanhopea × horichiana

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.

Use <references />, or <references group="..." />
  • Gerlach, G. & Beeche, J. 2004: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae III (Orchidaceae). Reestablecimiento de Stanhopea ruckeri y una especie nueva: Stanhopea confusa. Lankesteriana 4(3): 213-222.
  • Gerlach, G. 2010: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae V: El aroma floral de las Stanhopeas de Mexico. Lankesteriana 9(3): 431-442.
  • Rudolf Jenny (December 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
  • Rudolf Jenny (December 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.
  • Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus Stanhopea: 2nd part, S. nigripes to S. xytriophora" Caesiana no. 22: 146-291.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (in German)

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Stanhopea&oldid=689289016"