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S.L. Benfica in international football

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S.L. Benfica in international football
250px
The 1961 and 1962 European Cup trophies on display at Museu Cosme Damião
Club S.L. Benfica
First entry 1957–58 European Cup
Last entry 2023–24 UEFA Europa League
Titles
Champions League 2 (1961, 1962)

Sport Lisboa e Benfica is a Portuguese professional football club based in Lisbon whose involvement in European competition dates back to the 1950s. As champions of Portugal, Benfica were supposed to participate in the inaugural edition of the European Cup in 1955, but they were not invited by the organizers. Two years later, Benfica made their European debut against Sevilla in the European Cup, on 19 September 1957.

Benfica won their first European title in 1961, defeating Barcelona to win the European Cup, and successfully retained the title in the following year after defeating Real Madrid. After that, they appeared in five more finals (1963, 1965, 1968, 1988 and 1990) but did not reconquer the title. Benfica has also reached three UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League finals (1983, 2013 and 2014).

With two consecutive European Cup titles, a Portuguese feat, Benfica are the second most decorated Portuguese team in overall UEFA competitions and hold the Portuguese record for most appearances in finals of UEFA competitions, with ten appearances. Additionally, their 42 participations in the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) are only surpassed by Real Madrid, and as of December 2023, Benfica occupy the eighth place at the competition's all-time ranking.

Benfica's biggest European win is 10–0, which came against Stade Dudelange of Luxembourg for the 1965–66 European Cup, and their 18–0 aggregate win (8–0 in the first leg) constitutes a European Cup record. Brazilian defender Luisão holds the club record for most appearances in Europe, with 124 matches, while Portuguese striker Eusébio is the club's leading European goalscorer, with 56 goals.

Background

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Further information: UEFA competitions

The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition.[1] That year, Benfica had won the Primeira Divisão, but the European Cup organizers selected Sporting CP to take part in the first edition.[2] Another club competition, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, was established in 1955 and contested in parallel with the European Cup. It eventually came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971, who rebranded it as UEFA Cup. Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[3]

In 1957, Benfica won the league title and assured their European debut in the 1957–58 European Cup. The following years, UEFA created additional club competitions. The first, the Cup Winners' Cup, was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions. Established in 1973, the UEFA Super Cup was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup. Since 2000, it has been contested by the winners of the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and the Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup).[4]

The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup (the later UEFA Champions League) and its South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). It ran until 2004, when it was replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six continental confederations' premier club competitions.[5]

1950–79

Benfica's first European silverware came in 1950 when, managed by Ted Smith, they beat French side Bordeaux at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, Portugal, to win the Latin Cup.[6] Seven years later, the team reached their second and last Latin Cup final, but lost to Alfredo Di Stéfano's Real Madrid.[7] After an unsuccessful UEFA competition debut in the 1957–58 European Cup, where they lost to Sevilla in the initial round,[8] Benfica hired Hungarian manager Béla Guttmann, who led the team to their first ever European Cup final on 31 May 1961.[9] Having overcome Hearts, Újpest Dózsa, AGF Aarhus and Rapid Wien, Benfica faced Barcelona in the final, where goals from José Águas, Mário Coluna and an own goal from Antoni Ramallets helped the club lift its first European Cup.[10] The following year, Guttmann guided the team to back-to-back European Cup successes. After defeating Austria Wien, 1. FC Nürnberg and Tottenham Hotspur,[11][12] Benfica met Real Madrid in the final on 2 May 1962. A hat-trick from Ferenc Puskás put the Spanish champions ahead before half-time, but a double from Coluna and rising star Eusébio overturned the score to 5–3.[13][14]

After consecutive European Cup wins, Guttmann reportedly approached the club's board of directors asking for a pay rise. As his demand was turned down, he left the club and reportedly professed his alleged curse.[15] Benfica replaced him with Fernando Riera, and while the Chilean manager led the team to a third-straight European Cup final, he was unable to emulate Guttmann's success. On 25 May 1963, against Milan, Benfica's chances were slim after a harsh tackle from Gino Pivatelli severely debilitated Coluna.[16] In a time when substitutions did not exist, Benfica played the rest of the match crippled, and two second-half goals from José Altafini sent the trophy to Italy.[17][18][19] After a poor performance in the 1963–64 European Cup, Benfica returned to the final in the following season. Led by Romanian manager Elek Schwartz, Benfica eliminated Real Madrid 5–1 in the quarter-finals on their way to meet the holders Inter Milan in the final, played at Inter's home ground, San Siro, in a muddy and waterlogged pitch.[20] A mistake from Alberto da Costa Pereira, allowing a shot from Jair to pass between his legs, cost Benfica their second attempt at a European Cup treble.[21]

The following season, Benfica defeated Stade Dudelange 18–0 on aggregate, establishing a European record for biggest win on aggregate.[22] However, at a later stage of the competition, they conceded a record home defeat to Manchester United and were eliminated.[23] After one year competing in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup,[24] Benfica returned to the European Cup and reached their fifth final in 1968. After eliminating Juventus 3–0 in the semi-finals, Benfica faced Manchester United at Wembley Stadium on 29 May 1968. Bobby Charlton opened the score, but Jaime Graça equalised on the 79th minute. Near the end of regular time, Eusébio squandered a one-on-one chance against Alex Stepney and the match went to extra time, where three goals in eight minutes gave the English side their first European title.[25] The following season, Benfica were stopped in the quarter-finals by Ajax after a replay in Paris. As in the previous season's final, Benfica conceded three goals during extra time and were eliminated.[26][27] In 1969–70, Benfica fell in the second round against Scottish team and eventual finalists Celtic in a coin toss decision.[28]

After a mildly successful period in the 1960s, where they stood among the top contenders, Benfica lost influence in the European stage in the following decade, as Dutch, German and English teams appeared stronger over the Southern European ones. In the 1971–72 European Cup, Benfica lost in the semi-finals to a Johan Cruyff-led Ajax on their way to a second consecutive win.[29][30] They reached the quarter-finals of the 1974–75 European Cup Winners' Cup before being eliminated by another Dutch team, PSV Eindhoven.[31] As historic players like Eusébio and Simões left the club, Benfica only secured two European Cup quarter-final presences in the late 1970s: in 1975–76 they lost 5–1 to the holders Bayern Munich;[32] and in 1977–78 they were knocked out by the defending champions Liverpool with a 6–2 aggregate score.[33]

Competitive record

Note: Benfica score is always listed first.

1980–2000

In the beginning of the 1980s, Benfica's domestic dominance had dwindled, leaving the team to play in second-level competitions, namely the Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Cup. In 1980–81, the team reached the Cup Winners' Cup semi-finals but lost to Carl Zeiss Jena from East Germany.[34] This performance was bested two seasons later, as Benfica reached the 1983 UEFA Cup Final after overcoming a quarter-final bout against a Roma side featuring Falcão and Bruno Conti. In the two-legged final, Benfica faced Belgium's Anderlecht. In the first leg, on 4 May 1983, Benfica lost in Brussels with a sole goal from Kenneth Brylle. In the second leg, fourteen days later, Benfica manager Sven-Göran Eriksson chose not to start Zoran Filipović and João Alves, both undisputed starters, and the team drew 1–1, losing another European final.[35][36] Benfica returned to the European Cup in the following two seasons, but defeats against Liverpool in both participations showed that the team was not yet ready to compete with Europe's best teams.[37]

Mercedes-Benz Arena (former Neckarstadion) and Ernst-Happel-Stadion (former Praterstadion)

After four seasons, Benfica proved ready to challenge for the European Cup in 1987–88. After eliminating teams like Anderlecht and Steaua București, they reached their sixth final in the competition, where they met PSV in a match played at Stuttgart's Neckarstadion on 25 May 1988.[38] Following a goalless draw at the end of extra time, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out. The Dutch side – fielding five Netherlands national team players that would go on to conquer the UEFA Euro 1988 a month later – converted all of their penalty kicks, whereas António Veloso allowed goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen to defend his penalty kick, and sealed Benfica's fourth consecutive European Cup final loss.[39] Benfica did not wait long to make another appearance in the European Cup's showpiece match, as two years later – and with Swedish manager Eriksson again in charge – a team including Brazil's starting centre-backs Ricardo Gomes and Aldair, together with midfielders Valdo and Jonas Thern, eliminated Marseille with a controversial handled goal from Vata to reach their seventh European Cup final.[40] Before the final, Eusébio visited Béla Guttmann's grave, asking for forgiveness in hope of ending the curse.[41] On 23 May 1990, Benfica faced title holders Milan at Vienna's Praterstadion and were unable to prevent Frank Rijkaard to score the winning goal and give the Italian side its fourth and second consecutive European Cup title.[42]

In the early 1990s, Benfica took part in the last edition of the European Cup before being reformulated and converted into the UEFA Champions League. They reached the tournament's group stage after a successful performance at Highbury against Arsenal, with Isaías and Vasili Kulkov scoring in extra time.[43] In the group stage, Benfica ended in third place, behind Barcelona and Sparta Prague.[44] In 1992–93, Benfica reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup, beating eventual winners Juventus at home (their only loss in the competition), but losing 3–1 in Turin.[45] The following season, Benfica returned to the Cup Winners' Cup and reached the semi-finals after a 5–5 aggregate draw against Bayer Leverkusen in the quarter-finals was decided on away goals. In Lisbon, Benfica beat Parma 2–1 for the first leg of the semi-finals, with Vítor Paneira even missing a penalty. However, in the return leg, centre-back Carlos Mozer was sent off on the 20th minute and the team resisted for 55 minutes before Roberto Sensini scored the only goal of the match, which put the Italians through.[46] In their debut in the Champions League in 1994–95, Benfica won their group but succumbed to Milan in the knockout phase.[47]

In the late 1990s, the club's European performances did not match Benfica's historic record, with only a quarter-final presence in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup as a highlight.[48] The team's performances were subpar, with their lowest peak coming in the form of a 7–0 loss against Celta Vigo, Benfica's heaviest European defeat.[49]

Competitive record

Note: Benfica score is always listed first.

2003–present

After missing two seasons of European football for the first time since 1960,[50] Benfica returned to UEFA competition in 2003–04. They entered that season's Champions League in the third qualifying round, but defeats against Lazio demoted them to the UEFA Cup. There, the team played their first European match at the new Estádio da Luz (3–1 win against Molde) and reached the fourth round, where they were eliminated by Inter Milan with a 4–3 away loss.[51] After another season without playing in the Champions League, Benfica returned to UEFA's main competition in 2005–06, where they achieved their best performance in eleven years. Benfica knocked Manchester United out of the competition in the group stage and eliminated title holders Liverpool in the subsequent round, grabbing the club's first-ever win at Anfield. In the quarter-finals, Benfica were eliminated by Barcelona after a 2–0 loss at Camp Nou.[52][53] The next two seasons were fairly similar; in 2006–07 and 2007–08, Benfica finished third in the group stage and were demoted to the UEFA Cup, where they reached the quarter-finals.[54]

In 2009–10, Benfica had a noteworthy run in the newly created UEFA Europa League, progressing all the way from the play-off round to the quarter-finals. Their campaign featured a 5–0 thrashing of English side Everton in the group stage and an aggregate 3–2 defeat of Marseille in the round of 16[55] The following season, Benfica returned to the Champions League, but as in 2006–07 and 2007–08, they were demoted to the Europa League. This time, however, the team overcame the quarter-final stage to reach their first European semi-final in 17 years. In the first ever European match between Portuguese teams, Benfica were surprised by Braga and missed the chance to qualify to the final.[56] Benfica improved their European performance in the 2011–12 Champions League, progressing all the way to the quarter-finals.[57] In the group stage, Benfica topped their group – knocking Manchester United out of European competitions once again – and defeated Zenit Saint Petersbourg in the last 16 before losing 3–1 on aggregate to Chelsea.[58]

Benfica faced Chelsea in the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final, played at the Amsterdam Arena.

In the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons, Benfica's run in the Champions League was not so successful, but the club managed to reach two Europa League finals, the first of them 23 years after their last appearance in a European final. Benfica lost the first final on 17 May 2013 to then Champions League holders Chelsea, with a 2–1 injury-time header from Branislav Ivanović,[59] and drew 0–0 against Sevilla on 15 May 2014, losing the match penalty shoot-out 4–2.[60] This extended the club's run of European final unsuccesses to eight,[61] in a total of ten finals – a domestic record that ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014.[62]

In the mid 2010s, Benfica reached the Champions League knockout stage twice in a row for the first time. They qualified to the quarter-finals for a 18th time in 2015–16, where they lost 3–2 on aggregate to Bayern Munich,[63][64] and were eliminated by Borussia Dortmund in the round of 16 in 2016–17.[65] The following season, Benfica did not advance to the later stages of UEFA's prime tournament, setting the worst ever performance by a Portuguese team in the competition's group stage, with 6 losses and a negative goal difference of 13.[66][67] Moreoever, by losing 5–0 to Basel, they equalled their previous biggest loss in the competition, against Borussia Dortmund in 1963–64.[68]

Competitive record

Last updated: 14 March 2024
Note: Benfica score is always listed first.

Records

File:Eusebio (1963 version2).jpg
Eusébio is the Benfica player with the highest goal tally in international competitions, with 56 scored.
As of 14 March 2024

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Main article: List of S.L. Benfica records and statistics

Benfica were the first Portuguese side to reach the final of the European Cup, the first to win it and the only one to this day to win the trophy in consecutive years.[72] In the 1960s, they reached the final five times, more than any other team, surpassing Real Madrid and Milan, who reached three finals each.[73] Their ten European finals are also a domestic record,[74] and with 42 participations in the Champions League (formerly the European Cup), only Real Madrid has played more seasons in the competition.[75]

  • Most appearances in European competition: Luisão, 127[49]
  • Most goals in European competition: Eusébio, 56[49]
  • First European match: Sevilla 3–1 Benfica in the European Cup, on 19 September 1957[76]
  • Biggest win: Benfica 10–0 Stade Dudelange in the European Cup, on 5 October 1965[49]
  • First goal in European competition: Francisco Palmeiro, in the 40th minute against Sevilla, on 19 September 1957[77]
  • Biggest defeat: Celta Vigo 7–0 Benfica in the UEFA Cup, on 25 November 1999[49]
  • Highest European home attendance: 110,000, against Marseille in the European Cup, on 18 April 1990[78]

By competition

S.L. Benfica record in European football by competition[79]
Competition Pld W D L GF GA GD Win%[lower-alpha 7]
UEFA Champions League / European Cup 293 131 68 94 482 345 +137 44.71
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 42 21 12 9 67 34 +33 50.00
UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup 139 69 34 36 228 157 +71 49.64
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 4 2 1 1 7 5 +2 50.00
Intercontinental Cup 5 1 0 4 6 15 −9 20.00
Total 483 224 115 144 790 556 +234 46.38

By country

Finals

UEFA competitions

Year Competition Opposing team Score Venue
1961 European Cup 23x15px Barcelona 3–2 Switzerland Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1961 Intercontinental Cup Uruguay Peñarol 1–0 Portugal Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
0–5 Uruguay Estadio Centenario, Montevideo
1–2[lower-alpha 9]
1962 European Cup 23x15px Real Madrid 5–3[13] Netherlands Olympic Stadium, Amsterdam
1962 Intercontinental Cup Brazil Santos 2–3 Brazil Maracanã Stadium, Rio de Janeiro
2–5 Portugal Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1963 European Cup Italy Milan 1–2[17] England Wembley Stadium, London
1965 Italy Inter Milan 0–1 Italy San Siro, Milan
1968 England Manchester United 1–4 (a.e.t.) England Wembley Stadium, London
1983 UEFA Cup Belgium Anderlecht 0–1 Belgium Heysel Stadium, Brussels
1–1 Portugal Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1988 European Cup Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0–0 (a.e.t.) (5–6 p) West Germany Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
1990 Italy Milan 0–1 Austria Praterstadion, Vienna
2013 UEFA Europa League England Chelsea 1–2 Netherlands Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
2014 Spain Sevilla 0–0 (a.e.t.) (2–4 p) Italy Juventus Stadium, Turin

Other international competitions

Year Competition Opposing team Score Venue
1950 Latin Cup France Bordeaux 3–3 (a.e.t.) Portugal Estádio Nacional do Jamor, Oeiras
2–1 (a.e.t.)[lower-alpha 10]
1957 23x15px Real Madrid 0–1 Spain Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid

Semi-finals

UEFA competitions

Year Competition Opposing team Agg. Other semi-finalists
1961 European Cup Austria Rapid Wien 4–1 23x15px Barcelona
West Germany Hamburg
1962 England Tottenham Hotspur 4–3[12] 23x15px Real Madrid
Belgium Standard Liège
1963 Netherlands Feyenoord 3–1 Italy Milan
Scotland Dundee
1965 Hungary Győri Vasas ETO 5–0 Italy Inter Milan
England Liverpool
1968 Italy Juventus 3–0 England Manchester United
23x15px Real Madrid
1972 Netherlands Ajax 0–1 Italy Inter Milan
Scotland Celtic
1981 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup East Germany Carl Zeiss Jena 1–2 Soviet Union Dinamo Tbilisi
Netherlands Feyenoord
1983 UEFA cup Romania Universitatea Craiova 1–1 (a) Belgium Anderlecht
Czechoslovakia Bohemians ČKD Prague
1988 European Cup Romania Steaua București 2–0 Netherlands PSV Eindhoven
Spain Real Madrid
1990 France Marseille 2–2 (a) Italy Milan
West Germany Bayern Munich
1994 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Italy Parma 2–2 (a) England Arsenal
France Paris Saint-Germain
2011 UEFA Europa League Portugal Braga 2–2 (a) Portugal Porto
Spain Villarreal
2013 Turkey Fenerbahçe 3–2 England Chelsea
Switzerland Basel
2014 Italy Juventus 2–1 Spain Valencia
Spain Sevilla

Other international competitions

Year Competition Opposing team Score Other semi-finalists
1950 Latin Cup Italy Lazio 3–0 France Bordeaux
23x15px Atlético Madrid
1956 Italy Milan 2–4 23x15px Athletic Bilbao
France Nice
1957 France Saint-Étienne 1–0 23x15px Real Madrid
Italy Milan

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ English teams were banned due to the Heysel Stadium Disaster.
  2. ↑ Partizani were disqualified due to the behaviour of their players and officials, having four players sent off in their first leg match. Benfica qualified on a walkover.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Due to UEFA not approving the Estádio Nacional (Benfica's temporary home) for European competitions, the match was played at the Estádio do Bessa.[69][70]
  4. ↑ The match was played as a one-legged tie in Thessaloniki due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  5. ↑ The match was moved to Stadio Olimpico in Rome, due to restrictions imposed by Portugal on travelers from the United Kingdom out of concern of the COVID-19 variant B.1.1.7.[71]
  6. ↑ The match was moved to Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, due to restrictions imposed by the United Kingdom on travelers from Portugal.[71]
  7. ↑ Win% is rounded to two decimal places.
  8. ↑ Win% is rounded to two decimal places.
  9. ↑ Play-off
  10. ↑ Replay match

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 220.
  7. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 261.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 287.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 294.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 316.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 323.
  24. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 334.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 343.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 365.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 384.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 425.
  35. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 440.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 476.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 492.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 524.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 548.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Tovar 2012, pp. 581, 588.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 619.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Tovar 2012, pp. 627, 635.
  55. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 651.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Tovar 2012, p. 669.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  70. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Pereira 2011, p. 68.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Pereira 2011, p. 63.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

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