Outline of underwater diving

See also: Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Index of underwater diving, Index of underwater divers, and Index of recreational dive sites

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to underwater diving:

Surface-supplied divers riding a stage to the underwater workplace

Underwater diving – as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment.

What type of activity is underwater diving?

Underwater diving can be described as all of the following:

• A human activity – intentional, purposive, conscious and subjectively meaningful sequence of actions. Underwater diving is practiced as part of an occupation, or for recreation, where the practitioner submerges below the surface of the water or other liquid for a period which may range between seconds to the order of a day at a time, either exposed to the ambient pressure or isolated by a pressure resistant suit, to interact with the underwater environment for pleasure, competitive sport, or as a means to reach a work site for profit or in the pursuit of knowledge, and may use no equipment at all, or a wide range of equipment which may include breathing apparatus, environmental protective clothing, aids to vision, communication, propulsion, maneuverability, buoyancy and safety equipment, and tools for the task at hand.

Diving activity, by type

Modes of underwater diving

Surface-supplied diver with helmet, bailout set and umbilcal cable

There are several modes of diving distinguished by the equipment and procedures used:

• Freediving – Underwater diving without breathing apparatus
• Scuba diving – Swimming underwater breathing gas carried by the diver
• Surface-supplied diving – Underwater diving breathing gas supplied from the surface
• Saturation diving – Diving for periods long enough to bring all tissues into equilibrium with the partial pressures of the inert components of the breathing gas
• Atmospheric pressure diving – Diving where the diver is isolated from the ambient pressure by an articulated pressure resistant diving suit or in a crewed submersible
• Unmanned diving – Diving by mechanisms under the direct or indirect control of remote human operators for observation, data collection or manipulation of the environment using on-board actuator devices

Diving skills and procedures

Divers decompressing in the water at the end of a dive

File:Buddy-Check.jpg

Divers doing a buddy check

Sidemount diver pushing a cylinder in front

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Solo diver surveying dive site. The bailout cylinder can be seen slung at the diver's left side.

Diving procedures – Standardised methods of doing things that are known to work effectively and acceptably safely

• Ascending and descending (diving) – Procedures for safe ascent and descent in underwater diving
  • Ear clearing – An ascent to the surface by a diver in an emergency
  • Emergency ascent – An ascent to the surface by a diver in an emergency
    • Controlled emergency swimming ascent – A technique used by scuba divers to return to the surface in an out-of-gas emergency in shallow water
    • Controlled buoyant lift – A technique used by scuba divers to raise an incapacitated diver to the surface
• Boat diving – Procedures specific to diving from boats
  • Canoe and kayak diving – Recreational diving from a canoe or kayak
• Decompression (diving) – The reduction of ambient pressure on underwater divers after hyperbaric exposure and the elimination of dissolved gases from the diver's tissues
  • Decompression practice – Techniques and procedures for safe decompression of divers
    • Pyle stop – Type of short deep decompression stops in addition to the standard profile
    • Ratio decompression – Rule of thumb for estimating a decompression schedule for a given set of breathing gases
• Dive log – Record of diving history of an underwater diver
• Dive planning – The process of planning an underwater diving operation
• Diver communications – Methods used by underwater divers to communicate
• Diver navigation – Underwater navigation by scuba divers
• Diver rescue – Rescue of a distressed or incapacitated diver
• Diver trim – Balance and orientation skills of an underwater diver
• Drift diving – Scuba diving where the diver is intentionally transported by the water flow
• Finning techniques – Techniques used by divers and surface swimmers using swimfins
  • Back kick (finning)
  • Combat sidestroke – Variation of side-stroke swimming used by United States Navy SEALs
  • Dolphin kick
  • Flutter kick
  • Frog kick
  • Helicopter turn
  • Scissor kick (finning)
• Scuba skills – The skills required to dive safely using a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
  • Buddy breathing – Technique for sharing breathing gas from a single mouthpiece
  • Buddy diving – Practice of mutual monitoring and assistance between two divers
    • Buddy check – Pre-dive safety checks carried out by two-diver dive teams
  • Low impact diving – Scuba diving that has minimal environmental effect
  • Penetration diving – Diving under a physical barrier to a direct vertical ascent to the surface
  • Rebreather diving – Underwater diving using self contained breathing gas recycling apparatus
  • Scuba gas management – Logistical aspects of scuba breathing gas.
    • Gas blending for scuba diving – Mixing and filling cylinders with breathing gases for use when scuba diving
    • Rule of thirds (diving) – Rule of thumb for scuba gas management
    • Scuba gas planning – Estimation of breathing gas mixtures and quantities required for a planned dive profile
  • Sidemount diving – Diving using an equipment configuration where the scuba sets are clipped to the sides of the harness
  • Solo diving – Recreational diving without a dive buddy
• Surface-supplied diving skills – Skills and procedures required for the safe operation and use of surface-supplied diving equipment
• Underwater searches – Techniques for finding underwater targets

Underwater diving, by environment

Ice Diving – View from the top

Underwater diving environment – The underwater environment to which a diver may be exposed

• List of diving environments by type – The variety of environments that people may dive in
• Open-water diving – Diving in unrestricted water when the diver has unrestricted vertical access to the surface
• Altitude diving – Underwater diving at altitudes above 300 m
• Cave diving – Underwater diving in water-filled caves
• Deep diving – Underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community
• Ice diving – Underwater diving under ice
• Muck diving – Recreational diving on a loose sedimentary bottom
• Night diving – Underwater diving during the hours of darkness
• Recreational dive sites – Specific places that recreational divers go to enjoy the underwater environment or are used for training purposes
• Underwater environment – The aquatic or submarine environment
• Wreck diving – Recreational diving on wrecks

Occupational diving

Underwater welding.

File:NAUI Nitrox Diver certification card PC160014.jpg

NAUI Nitrox diver certification card

Pearl diver in Japan

Nesconset fire department scuba rescue team on training exercise

File:US Navy 110608-N-XD935-309 Navy Diver 2nd Class Justin McMillen, assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, maneuvers a sunken ship's scr.jpg

Salvaging a ship's propeller

A diver at work on hull maintenance

File:Sponge diver John M. Gonatos putting on his diving suit.jpg

Sponge diver putting on his diving suit in Tarpon Springs, Florida.

Professional diving, also known as Occupational diving – Underwater diving where divers are paid for their work, or dive as part of their occupation

• Ama – Japanese pearl divers
• Aquarium diving – Occupational diving in large aquariums
• Commercial diving – Professional diving on industrial projects
  • Commercial offshore diving – Professional diving in support of the oil and gas industry
  • Hyperbaric welding – Welding metal at elevated pressure
  • Nondestructive testing – Evaluating the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage
• Dive leader
• Diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely underwater
  • Diving instructor – Person who trains and assesses underwater divers
  • Diving school – Establishment for training and assessing underwater divers – A venue for training underwater divers
  • Occupational diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for diving at work
    • Commercial diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for industrial applications
    • Military diver training – Training of underwater divers for service in the armed forces – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive effectively for military applications
    • Public safety diver training – Training divers for public safety services – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for public safety purposes
    • Scientific diver training – Training divers who will be doing scientific work underwater – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for scientific projects
  • Recreational diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for recreational purposes
    • Technical diver training – Processes by which people develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely for recreational technical diving
  • Diver certification – Certification as competent to dive to a specified standard
    • List of diver certification organizations – Agencies which issue certification for competence in diving skills
  • Diamond Reef System – System for training divers in buoyancy, trim and maneuvering skills
• Divemaster, also known as Dive guide – Recreational dive leader certification and role
• Diving contractor – The legal persona responsible for professional diving operations for a client – A legal entity responsible for professional diving work
• Haenyeo – Female occupational divers in the Korean province of Jeju
• Hazmat diving – Underwater diving in a known hazardous materials environment
• Media diving – Underwater diving in support of the media industries
• Military diving – Underwater diving in a military context by members of an armed force
  • Defense against swimmer incursions – Methods of protection against incursions by underwater divers and swimmers
  • Army engineer diver – Members of national armies who are trained to undertake reconnaissance, demolition, and salvage tasks underwater
  • Clearance diver – Navy diver specialist with explosives
  • List of military diving units – List of links to articles on notable military diving units
    • Army Ranger Wing – Special operations force of the Irish Defence Forces
    • British commando frogmen – Special Boat Service, whose members are drawn largely from the Royal Marines
    • Canadian Armed Forces Divers – Underwater divers employed by any of the Canadian armed forces
    • Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) – Diving unit of the Royal Australian Navy
    • Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei – Italian special forces diving unit
    • Commandos Marine – Special operations forces of the French Navy
    • Commandos Marine § Commando Hubert – Special operations forces of the French Navy – Unit with combat swimmers.
    • Decima Flottiglia MAS – Italian naval commando frogman unit of the Fascist era
    • Frogman – Tactical scuba diver
    • GRUMEC, also known as Brazilian commando frogmen – Brazilian Navy special forces diving unit
    • Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine – German postwar commando amphibious warfare force
    • KOPASKA – Indonesian Navy special operations and demolition unit
    • Marine Commandos – Special operations group of the Lebanese Navy
    • Minedykkerkommandoen – Norwegian Navy clearance diver unit
    • Minentaucher – Mine clearance divers of the German Navy
    • PASKAL – Special operations force of the Royal Malaysian Navy
    • Naval Service Diving Section – Diving unit of the Irish Naval Service
    • Naval Special Warfare Command – Special operations force within the Military of Thailand
    • Röjdykare – Clearance divers of the Swedish Navy
    • Russian commando frogmen – Tactical scuba diving unit
    • Shayetet 13 – Special operations unit of the Israeli Navy
    • Special Boat Service – British special forces unit of the Royal Navy
    • Special Service Group – Pakistan Navy special operations force
    • Taifib – Indonesian amphibious reconnaissance unit
    • Underwater Defence – Special operations unit of the Turkish Navy
    • Underwater Demolition Command – Special warfare unit of the Greek Navy
    • Underwater Offence – Special operations Forces of the Turkish Navy
    • United States military divers – Underwater divers employed by the US armed forces, including navy, army, marine corps, air force and coast guard
      • Master diver – Senior diver rating in US Navy
      • Navy diver – US Navy personnel qualified in underwater diving and salvage
      • Explosive ordnance disposal – US Navy personnel who render safe or detonate unexploded ordnance
      • Underwater Demolition Team – US Navy special operations group
      • United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course – Military diver training for the US Marines
      • United States Navy SEALs – US Navy special operations force
        • List of United States Navy SEALs – Notable current and former members of the United States Navy SEALs and Underwater Demolition Teams
        • United States Navy SEAL selection and training – Selection and training procedures and criteria
        • National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum – Museum recording the history of US Navy UDT and SEAL teams and their members
  • Underwater warfare – One of the three operational areas of naval warfare
• Nuclear diving – Diving in an environment where there is a risk of exposure to radioactive materials
• Pearl hunting – Collecting pearls from wild molluscs
• Public safety diving – Underwater work done by law enforcement, rescue and search and recovery teams
  • Police diving – A branch of professional diving carried out by police services
    • Special Duties Unit – Hong Kong Police tactical unit
• Salvage diving – Diving work associated with the recovery of vehicles, cargo and structures
• Scientific diving – Use of diving techniques in the pursuit of scientific knowledge
• Ships husbandry diving – Diving related to the maintenance and upkeep of ships
• Sponge diving – Diving to gather natural sponges
• Underwater archaeology – Archaeological techniques practiced at underwater sites
• Underwater demolition – The deliberate destruction or neutralization of man-made or natural underwater obstacles
• Underwater photography – Genre of photography
• Underwater search and recovery – Locating and recovering underwater objects
• Underwater videography – Branch of electronic underwater photography concerned with capturing moving images

Recreational diving

Diver returning from a 600 ft (183 m) technical dive

Two underwater hockey players competing for the puck

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Underwater photographer

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Divers on the wreck of the Zenobia

Recreational diving – Diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment, usually when using scuba equipment

• Technical diving – Extended scope recreational diving
  • Cave diving – Underwater diving in water-filled caves
  • Doing It Right – Technical diving safety philosophy
• Shark tourism – Tourism industry based on viewing sharks in their natural habitat
  • Shark cage diving – Diving inside a protective cage to observe sharks in the wild
    • Shark-proof cage – A metal structure to protect divers and snorkellers from potentially dangerous sharks
    • Shark baiting – Attracting sharks by chumming the water
• Underwater photography – Genre of photography
• Underwater sports – Competitive underwater recreational activities
  • Aquathlon – Competitive underwater wrestling
  • Competitive apnea – Competitive breathhold diving
    • Constant weight apnea – Freediving discipline in which the diver descends and ascends only by swimming with the use of fins
    • Constant weight without fins – Freediving discipline
    • Dynamic apnea – Freediving disciplines where the breath-hold diver swims horizontally under water with or without fins
    • Free immersion apnea – Freediving discipline in which no propulsion equipment is used, but pulling on the rope during descent and ascent is permitted
    • No-limits apnea – Freediving discipline in which the diver descends and ascends using their method of choice
    • Variable weight apnea – Deep freediving using a weighted sled for descent, pulling along the depth rope for ascent
    • Static apnea – Discipline in which the diver holds their breath underwater for as long as possible, and does not need to swim any distance
    • Skandalopetra diving – Freediving using a stone weight at the end of a rope to the surface
  • Finswimming – Competitive watersport using swimfins for propulsion
    • 2016 Finswimming World Championships – International competition in Volos, Greece
    • 2018 Finswimming World Championships – International competition in Belgrade, Serbia
    • Apnea finswimming – Underwater swimming in a swimming pool using mask, monofin and holding one's breath.
    • Finswimming at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games – Competition held in Mỹ Đình National Aquatics Sports Complex, Hanoi, Vietnam
    • Immersion finswimming – Underwater swimming using mask, monofin and underwater breathing apparatus in a swimming pool
  • Spearfishing – Hunting for fish using a spear
  • Sport diving – Underwater sport using recreational open circuit scuba equipment in a swimming pool
  • Underwater football – Underwater team sport using snorkeling equipment and an American football
  • Underwater hockey – Underwater sport of pushing a puck into the opposing goal
  • Underwater ice hockey – Variant of ice hockey played upside-down underneath frozen pools or ponds on breath-hold
  • Underwater orienteering – Underwater compass navigation and speed competition on scuba.
  • Underwater photography – Competitive underwater digital photography on scuba
  • Underwater rugby – Game where two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball into the opponents’ goal at the bottom of a swimming pool on breath-hold
  • Underwater target shooting – Breathhold underwater sport of target shooting with a speargun in a swimming pool.
• Wreck diving – Recreational diving on wrecks

Diving and support equipment, tools and weapons

Small high-pressure breathing air compressor

A small scuba filling and blending station supplied by a compressor and storage bank

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Three representative wrist-mount dive computers

File:Alfa flag.svg

International code flag Alpha indicates that a diver is underwater nearby

A closed bell used for saturation diving

Lifting bag used to move a heavy object underwater

The Newtsuit atmospheric diving suit

US Navy Diver using Kirby Morgan 37 diving helmet

Helmeted diver entering the water. He has a back mounted Draeger DM40 rebreather system in addition to the surface supply air hose

Scuba diver with bifocal lenses in half mask

A diver wearing an Ocean Reef full face mask

U.S. Navy divers in dry suits prepare to dive

File:Diving Stockholm 1951. Air supplied from the boat.jpg

Two men operating a rotary diver's air pump

Diving equipment

Diving equipment

• Autonomous underwater vehicle
• Breathing gas
• Buoyancy control device
• Decompression equipment
• Dive light
• Diver propulsion vehicle
• Diving bell
  • Dry bell, also known as closed bell
  • Wet bell, also known as open bell
• Diving mask
  • Anti-fog
  • Full face diving mask
  • Integrated Diver Display Mask
• Diving safety equipment
• Diving suit
  • Atmospheric diving suit
  • Dry suit
  • Hot water suit
  • Rash guard, also known as rash vest
  • Wetsuit
  • Standard diving dress
• Diving weighting system
  • Weight belt
  • Diving weight
• Remotely operated underwater vehicle
• Snorkel
• Swimfin
  • Monofin
• Towboard
• Underwater breathing apparatus
  • Scuba set
    • Diving cylinder
    • Diving regulator
    • Rebreather
  • Surface-supplied diving equipment
    • Diving helmet
    • Diver's umbilical
• Atmospheric diving suit (ADS)
• Crewed submersible

Autonomous underwater vehicles

Autonomous underwater vehicle

• Autonomous Robotics Ltd
• AUV-150
• AUV Abyss
• Boaty McBoatface
• DeepC
• DEPTHX
• Echo Ranger
• Eelume
• Explorer AUV
• Intelligent Water class AUV
• Intervention AUV
• iRobot Seaglider
• Maya AUV India
• Nereus (underwater vehicle)
• REMUS (AUV)
• Sentry (AUV)
• Spindle (vehicle)
• SPURV
• SPURV II
• Theseus (AUV)
• Petrel HUG

Breathing gas

Breathing gas

• Bailout gas – Emergency breathing gas supply
• Bottom gas
• Breathing air – Air quality suitable for safe breathing
• Decompression gas
• Emergency gas supply
• Heliox
• Nitrox
• Oxygen
• Travel gas – Gas breathed during the descent part of a dive
• Trimix (breathing gas)
• Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor
• Gas blending
  • Gas blending for scuba diving
  • Oxygen compatibility

Decompression equipment

Decompression equipment

• Decompression buoy
• Decompression cylinder
• Decompression trapeze
• Dive computer, also known as Decompression computer
• Dive tables
• Diving bell
• Diving chamber
• Diving shot, also known as Shot line
• Diving stage
• Jonline
• Recreational dive planner
• Saturation system

Diver propulsion vehicles

Diver propulsion vehicle

• Advanced SEAL Delivery System
• Shallow Water Combat Submersible
• Wet sub
  • Cosmos CE2F series
  • Human torpedo
  • Motorised Submersible Canoe
  • Necker Nymph
  • R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle
  • SEAL Delivery Vehicle
  • Siluro San Bartolomeo
  • Wet Nellie

Diving safety equipment

Diving safety equipment

• Alternative air source
• Buddy line
• Decompression buoy, also known as DSMB
• Distance line, also known as dive reel or guide line
• Diver surface detection aids – Equipment to make a surfaced diver easier to find
• Diver's cutting tool
• Diver's knife
• Diving safety harness, also known as bell harness
• Jonline
• Lifeline, also known as tether – A rope connecting the diver to an attendant, usually at the surface
• Line marker
• Shotline
• Surface marker buoy

Historical diving equipment

• Motorised Submersible Canoe
• Necker Nymph
• R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle
• Siluro San Bartolomeo
• Standard diving dress
• Sub Marine Explorer
• Wet Nellie

Rebreathers

Rebreather

• Carbon dioxide scrubber
• Carleton CDBA
• Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment
• Cis-Lunar
• Counterlung
• Cryogenic rebreather
• CUMA
• Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus
• Dräger Dolphin
• Dräger Ray
• FROGS
• Halcyon RB80
• Halcyon PVR-BASC
• IDA71
• Interspiro DCSC
• KISS
• LAR-5, LAR-6, and LAR-V represented by Drägerwerk
• Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit
• Porpoise
• Siebe Gorman CDBA
• Siva
• Viper

Remotely operated underwater vehicles

Remotely operated underwater vehicle

• 8A4-class ROUV
• ABISMO
• Atlantis ROV Team
• CURV
• Épaulard
• Global Explorer ROV
• Goldfish-class ROUV
• Kaikō ROV
• Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System
• Mini Rover ROV
• OpenROV
• ROV KIEL 6000
• ROV PHOCA
• Scorpio ROV
• Sea Dragon-class ROV
• Seabed tractor
• Seafox drone
• Seahorse ROUV
• SeaPerch
• SJT-class ROUV
• T1200 Trenching Unit
• VideoRay UROVs

Underwater breathing apparatus

Underwater breathing apparatus

• Scuba set
  • Alternative air source
    • Bailout bottle, also known as bailout cylinder
    • Emergency gas supply
    • Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device
    • Pony bottle
    • Submarine escape set
  • Backplate and wing
  • Diving cylinder
    • Burst disc
    • Cylinder valve alias Pillar valve represented by Diving cylinder#The cylinder valve – A valve to control gas flow to and from a cylinder and to connect with the regulator or filling hose
    • Hydrostatic test
    • Sustained load cracking
    • Testing and inspection of diving cylinders
  • Diving regulator
    • Breathing performance of regulators
  • Rebreather
  • Scuba manifold
  • Sidemount diving
• Surface-supplied diving equipment
  • Air line, also known as air-line
  • Bailout cylinder
  • Bailout block
  • Diving helmet
  • Diver's umbilical
  • Diving stage
  • Gas panel
  • Pneumofathometer
  • Sea Trek (diving system)
  • Snuba
  • Standard diving dress

Diving support equipment

Diving support equipment – Equipment used in the support of an underwater diving operation

• Booster pump
• Cascade filling system
• Communications panel, also known as Diver's telephone
• Diver down flag
• Diver's pump
• Diving air compressor, also known as Diving compressor
• Diving chamber
  • Hyperbaric stretcher
• Diving spread
  • Air spread – The topside base for surface-supplied air diving operations
  • Saturation spread
    • Saturation system
• Diving support vessel
  • HMS Challenger
  • Liveaboard
  • Dive boat
    • Combat Rubber Raiding Craft
  • Diving ladder
  • Diving platform (scuba) – Low freeboard platform on a dive boat to give divers easy access to the water
  • Moon pool
• Echo sounder, also known as fish finder
• Gas panel, also known as Diving gas distribution manifold
• Helium analyzer
• Helium reclaim system
• Launch and recovery system (LARS)
• Marine VHF radio
• Nitrox production
  • Membrane gas separation
  • Pressure swing adsorption
• Proton magnetometer, also known as metal detector
• Recreational Dive Planner (RDP)
• Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV)
• Satellite navigation – Use of satellite signals for geo-spatial positioning
  • Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Subsurface (software)
• Trongle

Underwater work tools and equipment

File:Подводный пистолет СПП-1М - ЦНИИТОЧМАШ 01.jpg

Soviet SPP-1 underwater pistol

File:Manga de succión por venturi.jpg

Airlift dredging

ROV at work in an underwater oil and gas field. The ROV is operating a subsea torque tool (wrench) on a valve on the subsea structure.

Underwater work tools and equipment – Tools and equipment used for underwater work

• Airlift (dredging device)
• High-pressure water jetting
• Lifting bag
• Remotely operated underwater vehicle
• Snoopy loop
• Tremie

Underwater weapons

Underwater weapons – Weapons that are intended for use underwater

• Limpet mine
• Speargun
  • Hawaiian sling
  • Polespear
• Underwater firearm
  • Gyrojet
  • Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun
  • Powerhead (firearm)
  • Underwater pistols
    • Heckler & Koch P11
    • SPP-1 underwater pistol
  • Underwater revolvers
    • AAI underwater revolver
  • Underwater rifles
    • ADS amphibious rifle
    • APS underwater rifle
      • ASM-DT amphibious rifle

Science of underwater diving

Physics of underwater diving

Views through a flat mask, above and below water

Physics of underwater diving

• Buoyancy
  • Archimedes' principle
  • Neutral buoyancy
• Diffusion
  • Molecular diffusion
  • Permeation
• Force
  • Weight
• Ideal gas law
  • Combined gas law
  • Amontons' law
  • Boyle's law
  • Charles's law
  • Gay-Lussac's law
• Pressure
  • Ambient pressure
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Hydrostatic pressure
    • Metre sea water
  • Partial pressure
    • Dalton's law
    • Oxygen fraction
  • Torricellian chamber
• Psychrometric constant
• Solubility
  • Henry's law
  • Solution
  • Supersaturation
• Surface tension
  • Hydrophobe
  • Surfactant
• Underwater vision
  • Snell's law, also known as Law of refraction
• Work of breathing (WoB)

The diving environment

File:Large breaking wave.jpg

Plunging breaker

File:LicancaburCraterLake.jpg

Lago Licancabur, site of world's highest ever altitude dive.

Entrance to Peacock Springs Cave System

Underwater diving environment

• List of diving environments by type – Variety of environments that people may dive in
• Underwater environment – Aquatic or submarine environment
• Open-water diving
• Altitude diving
• Cave diving
• Deep diving
• Ice diving
• Muck diving
• Night diving
• Recreational dive sites
• Wreck diving
• Physical and biological aspects of the diving environment
  • Algal bloom
  • Breaking wave, also known as Surf
  • Ocean current
  • Current (stream)
  • Ekman transport
  • Halocline
  • Hazards of the aquatic environment represented by List of diving hazards and precautions#The aquatic environment –
  • Hazards of the specific diving environment represented by List of diving hazards and precautions#The specific diving environment –
  • List of diving hazards and precautions
  • Longshore current
  • Overfall current – A turbulent area of water caused by a strong current over an underwater ridge, or by currents meeting.
  • Rip current
  • Stratification
  • Surge (wave action) currently represented by Waves and shallow water – the component of wave motion close to and parallel with the bottom
  • Thermocline
  • Tidal race
  • Tide
  • Turbidity
  • Undertow (water waves)
  • Upwelling

Physiology of underwater diving

Diagram of the human circulatory system

File:Thermodynamic vs US Navy decomnpression profiles 1.svg

Decompression profiles based on the Thermodynamic model compared with the US Navy table for the same depth and bottom time

Diagram of the human respiratory system

Human physiology of underwater diving

• Circulatory system
  • Patent foramen ovale
  • Blood–air barrier
  • Blood shift
  • Perfusion
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
• Cold shock response
• Dead space (physiology)
• Diving reflex
• Metabolism
• Physiology of decompression
  • Decompression theory
    • Bühlmann decompression algorithm, also known as Buhlmann algorithm
    • Equivalent air depth
    • Gradient factor in decompression modelling
    • Haldane's decompression model
    • Lipid
    • Oxygen window in diving decompression
    • Reduced gradient bubble model
    • Thalmann algorithm
    • Thermodynamic model of decompression
    • Uncontrolled decompression
    • Varying Permeability Model
• Respiration (physiology)
  • Artificial gills (human)
  • Breathing
  • Carbon dioxide retention
  • Gas exchange
  • Hypocapnia
  • Normocapnia
  • Respiratory exchange ratio
  • Respiratory quotient
  • Respiratory system
  • Tissue (biology)
• Underwater vision

Diving medicine, disorders and treatment

File:US Navy 070208-N-8268B-001 Navy Diver 1st class Mike Barnett and Navy Diver 1st Class Chad Christensen test built-in breathing masks inside a recompression chamber.jpg

Oxygen therapy in a multiplace hyperbaric chamber is often delivered via built in breathing systems.

File:Hyperbaric chamber BLKS 301M.jpg

Monoplace chambers can be used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy if the patient is stable

Diving medicine

Diving medicine

• Fitness to dive, also known as Medical fitness to dive
• Diving medical examiner
• Diving medical practitioner
• Diving medical technician
• Hyperbaric medicine

Diving disorders and treatment

File:Mask Squeeze.jpg

Mask squeeze - a mild form of barotrauma

Staged image showing how victims may black out quietly underwater, often going unnoticed.

Diving disorders

• List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders
• Drowning – Respiratory impairment resulting from being in or underneath a liquid
  • Laryngospasm
• Dysbarism
  • Barotrauma
    • Arterial gas embolism
    • Pulmonary barotrauma
  • Compression arthralgia
  • Decompression illness
    • Decompression sickness
      • Dysbaric osteonecrosis
        • Avascular necrosis
      • Inner ear decompression sickness
      • Isobaric counterdiffusion
      • Taravana
      • Therapeutic recompression
        • Hyperbaric treatment schedules
        • In-water recompression
• Hypercapnia
• Hypothermia
• Hypoxia (medical)
  • Freediving blackout – Loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold dive
  • Latent hypoxia
• Motion sickness, also known as seasickness
• Oxygen therapy
  • Built-in breathing system (BIBS)
• Surfer's ear
• Toxicity
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Nitrogen narcosis
    • Equivalent narcotic depth
  • Oxygen toxicity
    • Maximum operating depth
  • High-pressure nervous syndrome
  • Hydrogen narcosis
  • Hydrogen sulfide
• Vertigo
  • Alternobaric vertigo

Diving safety related articles

File:US Navy 030311-N-5362A-005 Members of Underwater Construction Team Two (UCT-2) listen to a safety brief from their dive supervisor.jpg

A dive team listens to a safety brief from their dive supervisor

Early testing for oxygen toxicity in divers

Tags in place in a powerplant after it was shut down

Folding lockout hasp, allowing six padlocks to lock out one device.

File:Aufgabe-ankreuzen.svg

Checklists reduce the risk of omitting a step in a procedure

Diving safety

Diving safety – Risk management of underwater diving activities

• Checklist
• Code of practice (CoP)
• Dive team
  • Professional diving
  • Diving supervisor
  • Stand-by diver
  • Bellman (diving)
  • Diver's attendant
  • Life support technician
  • Chamber operator
  • Diving systems technician
• Divemaster
• Diving hazards
  • Silt out
  • Task loading
• Diver rescue
  • Rescue Diver
• Doing It Right (scuba diving) (DIR)
• Human factors in diving safety
• Hazardous Materials Identification System
• Occupational safety and health, also known as Occupational health and safety
  • Safety culture
• Operations manual
  • Emergency response plan
  • Evacuation plan
  • Standard operating procedure (SOP)
• Risk management
  • Hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA)
    • Hazard analysis (HAZID)
    • Job safety analysis (JSA)
    • Risk assessment
  • Risk control
    • Hierarchy of hazard controls – System used in industry to eliminate or minimize exposure to hazards
  • Incident pit
  • Lockout–tagout (LOTO) – Isolation of dangerous equipment.
  • Permit To Work
  • Redundancy
  • Safety data sheet, also known as Material safety data sheet
• Scuba diving fatalities
• Single point of failure
• Water safety

Notable diving incidents rescues and fatalities

The decompression chamber at the moment the Byford Dolphin accident occurred. D1–D4 are divers; T1 and T2 are dive tenders.

• Early diving incidents
  • John Day (carpenter)
  • Charles Spalding – Scottish confectioner and amateur diving bell designer
  • Ebenezer Watson – nephew of Charles Spalding and died in the same accident
• Freediving incidents
  • Loïc Leferme
  • Audrey Mestre
  • Nicholas Mevoli
  • Natalia Molchanova
• Professional diving incidents
  • Johnson Sea Link accident
  • Offshore diving incidents
    • Byford Dolphin#Diving bell accident
    • Drill Master diving accident
    • Star Canopus diving accident
    • Venture One diving accident
    • Waage Drill II diving accident – Fatal saturation diving accident in the North Sea in 1975
    • Wildrake diving accident
  • Rescues involving diving
    • Tham Luang cave rescue – 2018 international rescue in Thailand
    • Harrison Odjegba Okene
  • Professional diving fatalities
    • Roger Baldwin (diver) represented by Waage Drill II diving accident – Fatal saturation diving accident in the North Sea in 1975
    • John Bennett (diver)
    • Victor F. Guiel Jr. represented by Wildrake diving accident
    • Craig M. Hoffman represented by Venture One diving accident
    • Peter Henry Michael Holmes represented by Waage Drill II diving accident – Fatal saturation diving accident in the North Sea in 1975
    • Edwin Clayton Link represented by Johnson Sea Link accident
    • Gerard Anthony Prangley represented by Star Canopus diving accident
    • Pier Skipness represented by Drill Master diving accident
    • Robert John Smyth represented by Drill Master diving accident
    • Albert D. Stover represented by Johnson Sea Link accident
    • Richard A. Walker represented by Wildrake diving accident
    • Lothar Michael Ward represented by Star Canopus diving accident
    • Joachim Wendler
    • Death of Bradley Westell
    • Arne Zetterström
• Scuba diving fatalities
  • Ricardo Armbruster
  • Allan Bridge
  • David Bright (diver)
  • Berry L. Cannon
  • Cotton Coulson
  • Cláudio Coutinho
  • E. Yale Dawson
  • Deon Dreyer
  • Milan Dufek
  • Sheck Exley
  • Maurice Fargues
  • Guy Garman
  • Steve Irwin
  • Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)
  • Henry Way Kendall
  • Artur Kozłowski (speleologist) – Polish cave diver (1977–2011)
  • Chris and Chrissy Rouse, represented by The Last Dive
  • Kirsty MacColl
  • Agnes Milowka
  • François de Roubaix
  • Dave Shaw (diver)
  • Wesley C. Skiles
  • Dewey Smith
  • Rob Stewart (filmmaker)
  • Esbjörn Svensson
  • Josef Velek

Legal aspects of diving

Legal aspects of diving – how underwater diving and divers are affected by law

• Civil liability in recreational diving – Legal duty of care, negligence and liability in recreational diving
• Diving regulations – Legislation regulating diving activity, usually a branch of occupational health and safety.
• Duty of care
• Investigation of diving accidents – Forensic investigation of underwater diving accidents
• List of legislation regulating underwater diving

Geography of diving

Main article: Outline of recreational dive sites

Recreational dive sites include specific places that recreational scuba divers go to enjoy the underwater environment. This includes publicly accessible recreational diver training sites and technical diving sites beyond the range generally accepted for recreational diving. In this context all diving done for recreational purposes is included. Professional diving tends to be done where the job is, and with the exception of the recreational diving service industry, does not generally occur at specific sites chosen for their easy access, pleasant conditions or interesting features. (Full article...)

History of underwater diving

Siebe's improved design in 1873.

History of underwater diving

• History of decompression research and development
• History of scuba diving
  • Vintage scuba
• List of researchers in underwater diving
• Lyons Maritime Museum
• Timeline of diving technology

Frogman operations

Italian Maiale manned torpedo "Siluro San Bartolomeo" displayed at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport, UK.

• 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
• Exercise Paddington Diamond
• Raid on Algiers
• Defense against swimmer incursions
• Italian auxiliary ship Olterra
• Operation Algeciras
• Operation Thunderhead
• Raid on Alexandria (1941)
• Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
• USS Westchester County (LST-1167)

Notable underwater salvage operations

File:FMIB 33116 Wreck of the 'Royal George'.jpeg

Salvage of Royal George

• HMS Royal George (1756)#Salvage attempts – Early salvage operation using bells and surface supplied divers
• SS Egypt#Salvage – Salvage of gold bullion from wreck using an armoured observation bell
• Kursk submarine disaster#Salvage operation – Raising the wreck of a Russian nuclear submarine
• USS Squalus represented by USS Sailfish (SS-192)#Sinking of Squalus and recommissioning as Sailfish – The successful rescue of the crew and later raising of the sunken vessel.

Diver training, certification, registration and standards

File:Commercial diver training at Blue Rock Quarry P3233799.JPG

Commercial diver training at Blue Rock Quarry

Diver training

• Diver training
• Recreational diver certification represented by Diver certification
  • Advanced Open Water Diver
  • Autonomous diver
  • CMAS* scuba diver
  • Divemaster
  • Diving instructor
  • Open Water Diver
  • Master Instructor
  • Master Scuba Diver
  • Rescue Diver
  • Supervised diver
  • Introductory diving
  • Universal Referral Program

Diver certification organisations

List of diver certification organizations

• Occupational diver certification authorities
  • Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS)
  • Divers Institute of Technology
  • Emergency Response Diving International (ERDI)
  • Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
  • South African Department of Employment and Labour
• Recreational diver certification agencies
  • Freediver certification agencies
    • AIDA International (AIDA)
    • Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
    • Performance Freediving International (PI)
    • Scuba Schools International (SSI)
  • Recreational scuba certification agencies
    • American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
    • CEDIP members
      • Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP)
    • British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
      • Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
      • Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
      • CMAS Europe – the branch of the world underwater federation representing European affiliates
      • Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
      • Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
      • Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
      • Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
      • Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
      • Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
      • Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
      • Scuba Educators International (SEI)
      • Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
      • European Underwater Federation certification
      • Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
      • National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
      • Scuba Schools International (SSI)
    • Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
    • International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
    • International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
    • National Association for Cave Diving (NACD)
    • Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC)
    • United Diving Instructors (UDI)
    • Unified Team Diving (UTD) – a recreational diver training and certification agency
    • WRSTC and RSTC members
      • American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
      • International Diving Educators Association (IDEA)
      • National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
      • Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
      • Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
      • Professional Technical and Recreational Diving
      • Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
      • Scuba Diving International (SDI)
      • Scuba Schools International (SSI)
    • YMCA SCUBA Program
  • Technical diver certification agencies
    • Cave diving certification agencies
      • Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA)
      • Cave Diving Group (CDG)
      • National Association for Cave Diving (NACD)
    • American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
    • British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
    • Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
    • Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
    • Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
    • International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
    • National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
    • Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
    • Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
    • Professional Technical and Recreational Diving
      • Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
    • Technical Diving International (TDI)
    • Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
    • Technical Extended Range (TXR)
    • Unified Team Diving (UTD) – A recreational and technical diver training and certification agency
• Scientific diver certification authorities
  • American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS)
  • CMAS Scientific Committee
  • South African Department of Employment and Labour

Organisations setting international standards and codes of practice for diving and diver training

• Association of Diving Contractors International (ADCI)
• European Underwater Federation (EUF)
• International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF)
• International Diving Schools Association (IDSA)
• International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA)
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Rebreather Training Council (RTC)
• World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC)
• Scientific diving standards organizations
  • American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS)
  • European Scientific Diving Panel – A panel of the European Network of Marine Research Institutes and Stations

Commercial diving schools

• Divers Academy International

Underwater diving organisations

Diver membership organisations

Diver membership organisations

• Freediver federations
  • AIDA International (AIDA)
  • AIDA Hellas
  • British Freediving Association (BFA)
  • Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
• Recreational and technical scuba clubs and associations
  • British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
  • Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA)
  • Cave Diving Group (CDG)
  • International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
  • National Association for Cave Diving (NACD)
  • Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)
  • Military services recreational diving organisations
    • Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club
• Scientific, archaeological and historical diving organisations
  • Historical Diving Society
  • Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS)
  • Save Ontario Shipwrecks (SOS)
  • Sea Research Society
• National underwater-sports federations
  • Australian Underwater Federation (AUF)
  • British Octopush Association (BOA)
  • British Underwater Sports Association (BUSA)
  • Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
  • Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
  • Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
  • South African Underwater Sports Federation (SAUSF)
  • Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
  • Underwater Society of America (USOA)
• International underwater-sports federations
  • AIDA International (AIDA)
  • Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)

Diver nature conservation organisations

• Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia (ARSBC)
• Green Fins
• National Speleological Society – Cave Diving Section (NSS-CDS)

Diving industry trade associations

• Diving Equipment and Marketing Association (DEMA)

Underwater environmental research organisations

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Reef Life Survey (RLS)
• South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON)

Diving medical research organisations

• Aerospace Medical Association
• Divers Alert Network (DAN)
• Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)
• Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC)
• European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC)
• European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS)
• National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology
• Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory
• Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine
• Rubicon Foundation
• South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS)
• Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA)
• Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)
• United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU)

Underwater diving publications

Books and manuals

• The Darkness Beckons
• Goldfinder
• The Last Dive
• Shadow Divers
• The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
• Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
• Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia
• Deep diving: an advanced guide to physiology, procedures and systems
• Diving manual A document providing extensive general information on the equipment, procedures and theoretical basis of underwater diving.
  • NOAA Diving Manual – Training and operations manual for scientific diving Scientific diving manual published by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
  • Professional Diver's Handbook John Bevan Ed. A manual of offshore diving
  • U.S. Navy Diving Manual – Training and operations handbook
• Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers
• Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
• The Underwater Handbook: A Guide to Physiology and Performance for the Engineer

Legislation

• Diving at Work Regulations 1997

Codes of practice

(National or international codes of practice for diving)

• Code of practice
• IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving A voluntary code of industry best practice followed by members of the International Marine Contractors Association.
• Code of Practice for Scientific Diving: Principles for the Safe Practice of Scientific Diving in Different Environments

Standards

(National or international standards relating to diving equipment or practices)

Breathing apparatus

• EN 14143-2003 Respiratory equipment - Self-contained re-breathing diving apparatus
• BS EN 1802:2002 Transportable gas cylinders. Periodic inspection and testing of seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders
• BS EN 1968:2002 Transportable gas cylinders. Periodic inspection and testing of seamless steel gas cylinders

Swim fins

File:DIN 7876-A.jpg

Swim fin sole showing compliance with German standard DIN 7876:1980

• MIL-S-82258:1965 Military specification. Swim fins, rubber.
• GOST 22469:1977 Ласты резиновые для плавания. Общие технические условия. Swimming rubber flippers. General specifications.
• DIN 7876:1980 Tauchzubehör. Schwimmflossen. Maße, Anforderungen und Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Flippers. Dimensions, requirements and testing.
• BN-82/8444-17.02 Gumowy sprzęt pływacki - Płetwy pływackie (Rubber swimming equipment - Swimming fins).
• MS 974:1985 Specification for rubber swimming fins.
• ÖNORM S 4224:1988 Tauch-Zubehör; Schwimmflossen; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; fins; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity.
• MS 974:2002 Specification for rubber swimming fins. First revision.
• EN 16804:2015 Diving equipment. Diving open heel fins. Requirements and test methods.

File:GOST 20568 compliant Russian and Ukrainian diving masks.jpg

GOST 20568:1975 compliant Russian and Ukrainian diving masks

Diving masks

File:Britmarine 1970s Catalogue Snorkel Page.jpg

A range of 1970s snorkels made to British Standard BS 4532:1969

• BS 4532:1969 Specification for snorkels and face masks. Amended 1977.
• GOST 20568:1975 Маски резиновые для плавания под водой. Общие технические условие. Rubber masks for submarine swimming. General specifications.
• DIN 7877:1980 Tauch-Zubehör. Tauchbrillen. Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Diver's masks. Requirements and testing.
• BN-82/8444-17.01 Gumowy sprzęt pływacki - Maski pływackie (Rubber swimming equipment - Swimming masks).
• ANSI Z87.11:1985 Underwater Safety. Recreational Skin and Scuba Diving. Lenses for Masks.
• ÖNORM S 4225 Tauch-Zubehör; Tauchmasken (Tauchbrillen); Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; divers’ masks; safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity.
• CNS 12497:1989 潛水鏡. Diving mask.
• CNS 12498:1989 潛水鏡檢驗法. Method of test for diving mask.
• EN 16805:2015 Diving equipment. Diving mask. Requirements and test methods.

Snorkels

• BS 4532:1969 Specification for snorkels and face masks. Amended 1977.
• DIN 7878:1980 Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Maße, Anforderungen, Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Snorkel. Technical requirements of safety, testing.
• ÖNORM S 4223:1988 Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Abmessungen, sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen, Prüfung, Normkennzeichnung. Diving accessories; snorkels; dimensions, safety requirements, testing, marking of conformity.
• DIN 7878:1991 Tauch-Zubehör; Schnorchel; Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfung. Diving accessories for skin divers. Snorkel. Safety requirements and testing.
• EN 1972:1997 Diving accessories. Snorkels. Safety requirements.
• EN 1972:2015 Diving equipment. Snorkels. Requirements and test methods.

Buoyancy compensators

• EN 1809:1998 Diving accessories. Buoyancy compensators. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.
• EN 1809:2014+A1:2016 Diving equipment. Buoyancy compensators. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.

Wet suits

• CNS 11251:1985 濕式潛水衣. Diving Wet Suit.
• EN 14225-1:2005 Diving suits. Wet suits. Requirements and test methods.
• EN 14225-1:2017 Diving suits. Wet suits. Requirements and test methods.

Dry suits

• EN 14225-2:2002 Diving suits. Dry suits. Requirements and test methods.
• EN 14225-2:2017 Diving suits. Dry suits. Requirements and test methods.

Depth gauges

• EN 13319:2000 Diving accessories. Depth gauges and combined depth and time measuring devices. Functional and safety requirements, test methods.

Diver training

• ISO 24801 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
• ISO 21417 Recreational diving services – Requirements for training on environmental awareness for recreational divers

Recreational diving practices

• ISO 21416 Recreational diving services – Requirements and guidance on environmentally sustainable practices in recreational diving

Journals and magazines

• AquaCorps Magazine on technical diving, founded and edited by Michael Menduno
• Alert Diver Quarterly magazine of DAN om diving safety and recreational diving matters
• South Pacific Underwater Medical Society Journal
• Journal of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine

Repositories

• Rubicon Research Repository

Recreational dive site guides

Notable dive site guides with Wikipedia article.

• Index of recreational dive sites – Alphabetical listing of articles on porular places for recreational diving

Authors of publications about diving

Bob Halstead

Authors of general non-fiction works on diving topics who are the subjects of Wikipedia articles.

• Michael C. Barnette
• Victor Berge
• Philippe Diolé
• Gary Gentile
• Bob Halstead
• Jarrod Jablonski
• Trevor Jackson (diver)
• Richie Kohler
• Steve Lewis (diver)
• John Mattera
• Tom Mount

Documentaries

Documentary movies focused on underwater diving.

• World Without Sun
• Voyage to the Edge of the World

Underwater diving in popular culture

Movies, novels, TV series and shows, comics, graphic art, sculpture, games, myths, legends, and misconceptions. Fiction in general relating to all forms of diving, including hypothetical and imaginary methods, and other aspects of underwater diving which have become part of popular culture.

• Underwater diving in popular culture

Researchers in diving medicine and physiology

John Scott Haldane c. 1910

Paul Bert

• Arthur J. Bachrach
• Albert R. Behnke
• Paul Bert – French zoologist, physiologist and politician (1833–1886)
• George F. Bond
• Robert Boyle
• Albert A. Bühlmann
• John R. Clarke (scientist)
• William Paul Fife
• John Scott Haldane
• Robert William Hamilton Jr. – American physiologist and researcher in hyperbaric physiology.
• Leonard Erskine Hill
• Brian Andrew Hills
• Felix Hoppe-Seyler
• Christian J. Lambertsen
• Simon Mitchell
• Charles Momsen
• John Rawlins R.N.
• Charles Wesley Shilling
• Edward D. Thalmann
• Jacques Triger

Underwater divers

• Outline of underwater divers – Hierarchical outline list of biographical articles about underwater divers
• Index of underwater divers – Alphabetical listing of articles about underwater divers

Pioneers of diving

Jacques Cousteau

• James F. Cahill – American scuba diving pioneer
• Alphonse and Théodore Carmagnolle – French inventors of the first anthropomorphic armoured diving suit
• Charles Condert – Inventor of an unsuccessful early scuba system
• Jacques Cousteau – Inventor of scuba-diving apparatus and film-maker
• Charles Anthony Deane – Pioneering diving engineer and inventor of a surface supplied diving helmet
• John Deane
• Louis de Corlieu
• Guglielmo de Lorena – Italian inventor of a diving bell used for archaeological work on the Roman ships of lake Nemi
• Auguste Denayrouze – French inventor of a demand air supply regulator for underwater diving
• Frédéric Dumas – French pioneer of scuba diving
• Ted Eldred – Australian inventor of the single hose diving regulator
• Maurice Fernez – French inventor and pioneer in underwater breathing apparatus
• Émile Gagnan – French engineer and co-inventor of the open circuit demand scuba regulator
• Bret Gilliam – Pioneering technical diver and author.
• Edmond Halley – English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist
• Hans Hass – Austrian biologist, film-maker, and underwater diving pioneer
• Stig Insulán – Inventor of an adjustable automatic exhaust valve for variable volume dry suits
• Jim Jarret – Diver who test dived the first successful atmospheric diving suits
• Yves Le Prieur – French naval officer and inventor of a free-flow scuba system
• John Lethbridge – English wool merchant who invented a diving machine in 1715
• William Hogarth Main – Cave diver and scuba configuration experimentalist
• Phil Nuytten – Canadian deep-ocean explorer, scientist, and inventor of the Newtsuit
• Joseph Salim Peress – pioneering British diving engineer
• Benoît Rouquayrol – French inventor of an early diving demand regulator
• Dick Rutkowski – American pioneer in hyperbaric and diving medicine and use of mixed breathing gases for diving
• Joe Savoie – Inventor of the neck dam for lightweight helmets
• Augustus Siebe – German-born British engineer mostly known for his contributions to diving equipment
• Charles Spalding – Scottish confectioner and amateur diving bell designer
• Robert Sténuit – Belgian journalist, writer, underwater archeologist and the first aquanaut.
• Arne Zetterström – Diver involved in experimental work with Hydrox breathing gas

Underwater art and artists

File:Cristo degli abissi.jpg

Christ of the Abyss at San Fruttuoso, Liguria

• Jason deCaires Taylor – British sculptor and creator of the world's first underwater sculpture park
• Christ of the Abyss – Submerged statue of Jesus Christ

Miscellaneous

• Environmental impact of recreational diving
• Scuba diving tourism
• Shark tourism
• Sinking ships for wreck diving sites

Awards and events

• Hans Hass Award
• International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame
• London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures
• NOGI Awards
• Women Divers Hall of Fame

See also

• Glossary of underwater diving terminology