List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus.

Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

Tiglath-Pileser III: stela from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London).

Although the first mention of the name Israel in archaeology dates to the 13th century BCE,[1] contemporary information on the Israelite nation prior to the 9th century BCE is extremely sparse.[2] In the following centuries a small number of local Hebrew documents, mostly seals and bullae, mention biblical characters, but more extensive information is available in the royal inscriptions from neighbouring kingdoms, particularly Babylon, Assyria and Egypt.[2]

Biblical figures that are identified in artifacts of questionable authenticity, for example the Jehoash Inscription and the bullae of Baruch ben Neriah, or who are mentioned in ancient but non-contemporary documents, such as David and Balaam,[n 1] are excluded from this list.

Name Title Date (BCE)[n 2] Attestation and Notes Biblical references[n 3]
Adramelech Prince of Assyria fl. 681 Identified as the murderer of his father Sennacherib in the Bible and in an Assyrian letter to Esarhaddon (ABL 1091), where he is called Arda-Mulissi.[3][4] Is. 37:38, 2 Ki. 19:37Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Ahab King of Israel c. 874 – c. 853 Identified in the contemporary Kurkh Monolith inscription of Shalmaneser III [5] which describes the Battle of Qarqar and mentions 2,000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab the Israelite defeated by Shalmaneser.[6] 1 Ki. 17Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ch. 18Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Ahaz King of Judah c. 732 – c. 716 Mentioned in the contemporary Summary Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III which records that he received tribute from Jehoahaz of Judah, as mentioned in Kings and Chronicles.[7] Also identified in a contemporary clay bulla, reading of Ahaz [son of] Jotham king of Judah.[8] 2 Ki. 16Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ch. 28Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ho. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Mi. 1:1
Apries Pharaoh of Egypt 589 – 570 Named in numerous contemporary inscriptions including those of the capitals of the columns of his palace.[9][10] Herodotus speaks of him in Histories II, 161-171.[11] Je. 44:30Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Artaxerxes I King of Persia 465 – 424 Widely identified with Artaxerxes in the book of Nehemiah.[12][13] He is also found in the writings of contemporary historian Thucydides.[14] Scholars are divided over whether the king in Ezra's time was the same, or Artaxerxes II. Ne. 2:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ne. 5:14Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Ashurbanipal King of Assyria 668 – c. 627 Generally identified with the great and noble Osnappar, mentioned in the Book of Ezra.[15][16] His name survives in his own writings, which describe his military campaigns against Elam, Susa and other nations.[17][18] Ezr. 4:10†
Belshazzar Coregent of Babylon c. 553 – 539 Mentioned by his father Nabonidus in the Nabonidus Cylinder.[19] According to another Babylonian tablet, Nabonidus "entrusted the kingship to him" when he embarked on a lengthy military campaign.[20] Dn. 5, Dn. 7:1, Dn. 8:1
Ben-hadad King of Aram Damascus early 8th century Mentioned in the Zakkur Stele.[21] A son of Hazael, he is variously called Ben-Hadad/Bar-Hadad II/III. 2 Ki. 13:3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ki. 13:24Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Cyrus II King of Persia 559 – 530 Appears in many ancient inscriptions, most notably the Cyrus Cylinder.[22] Is. 45:1, Dn. 1:21
Darius I King of Persia 522 – 486 Mentioned in the books of Haggai, Zechariah and Ezra.[23][24] He is the author of the Behistun Inscription. Hg. 1:1, Ezr. 5:6
Esarhaddon king of Assyria 681 – 669 His name survives in his own writings, as well as in those of his son Ashurbanipal.[25][26] Is. 37:38, Ezr. 4:2
Evil Merodach King of Babylon c. 562 – 560 His name (Akkadian 'Amēl-Marduk') and title were found on a vase from his palace,[27] and on several cuneiform tablets.[28] 2 Ki. 25:27Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Je. 52:31Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Hazael King of Aram Damascus c. 842 – c. 800 Shalmaneser III of Assyria records that he defeated Hazael in battle and captured many chariots and horses from him.[29] Most scholars think that Hazael was the author of the Tel Dan Stele.[30] 1 Ki. 19:5Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ki. 8:8Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Am. 1:4
Hezekiah king of Judah c. 715 – c. 686 An account is preserved by Sennacherib of how he besieged "Hezekiah, the Jew", who "did not submit to my yoke", in his capital city of Jerusalem[31] A bulla was also found bearing Hezekia's name and title.[32] 2 Ki. 16:20Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Ch. 3:13Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Pr. 25:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Hoshea King of Israel c. 732 – c. 723 He was put into power by Tilgath-Pileser III, king of Assyria, as recorded in his Annals, found in Calah.[33] 2 Ki. 15:30Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ki. 18:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Jehoash King of Israel c. 798 – c. 782 Mentioned in records of Adad-nirari III of Assyria as Jehoash of Samaria.[34][35] 2 Ki. 13:10Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ch. 25:17Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Jehoiachin King of Judah 598 – 597 He was taken captive to Babylon after Nebuchadrezzar first captured Jerusalem . Texts from Nebuchadrezzar's Southern Palace record the rations given to Jehoiachin king of the Judeans (Akkadian: Ya'ukin sar Yaudaya).[36] 2 Ki. 25:14Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Je. 52:31Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Jehu King of Israel c. 841 – c. 814 Mentioned on the Black Obelisk.[29] 1 Ki. 19:16Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ho. 1:4Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Johanan High Priest of Israel c. 410 – c. 371 Mentioned in a letter from the Elephantine Papyri[37] Ne. 12:22–23Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Jotham King of Judah c. 740 – c. 732 Identified as the father of King Ahaz on a contemporary clay bulla, reading of Ahaz [son of] Jotham king of Judah.[8] 2 Ki. 15:5Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Is. 1:1
Manasseh King of Judah c. 687 – c. 643 Mentioned in the writings of Esarhaddon, who lists him as one of the kings who had brought him gifts and aided his conquest of Egypt.[26][38] 2 Ki. 20:21Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Je. 15:4Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Menahem King of Israel c. 752 – c. 742 The annals of Tiglath-Pileser record that Menahem paid tribute him, as stated in the Books of Kings.[39] 2 Ki. 15:14–23Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Mesha King of Moab fl. c. 840 Author of the Mesha Stele.[40] 2 Ki. 3:4Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Merodach-Baladan King of Babylon 722 – 710 Named in the Great Inscription of Sargon II in his palace at Khorsabat.[41] Also called Berodach-Baladan (Akkadian: Marduk-apla-iddina). Is. 39:1, 2 Ki. 20:12Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Nebuchadnezzar II King of Babylon c. 605 – 562 Mentioned in numerous contemporary sources, including the inscription of the Ishtar Gate, which he built.[42] Also called Nebuchadrezzar (Akkadian: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur). Ez. 26:7, Dn. 1:1, 2 Ki. 24:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Nebuzaradan Babylonian official fl. c. 587 Mentioned in a prism in Istanbul (No. 7834), found in Babylon where he is listed as the "chief cook."[43][44] Je. 52:12Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ki. 25:8Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Nebo-Sarsekim Chief Eunuch of Babylon fl. c. 587 Listed as Nabu-sharrussu-ukin in a Babylonian tablet.[45][46] Je. 39:3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Necho II Pharaoh of Egypt c. 610 – c. 595 Mentioned in the writings of Ashurbanipal[47] 2 Ki. 23:29Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Je. 46:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Omri King of Israel c. 880 – c. 874 Mentioned, together with his unnamed son or successor, on the Mesha Stele.[40] 1 Ki. 16:16Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Mi. 6:16
Pekah King of Israel c. 740 – c. 732 Mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III.[33] 2 Ki. 15:25Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Is. 7:1
Rezin King of Aram Damascus died c. 732 A tributary of Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria and the last king of Aram Damascus.[48] According to the Bible, he was eventually put to death by Tiglath-Pileser. 2 Ki. 16:7–9Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Is. 7:1
Sanballat Governor of Samaria fl. 445 A leading figure of the opposition which Nehemiah encountered during the rebuilding of the walls around the temple in Jerusalem. Sanballat is mentioned in the Elephantine Papyri.[37][49] Ne. 2:10Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ne. 13:28Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Sargon II King of Assyria 722 – 705 He besieged and conquered the city of Samaria and took many thousands captive, as recorded in the Bible and in an inscription in his royal palace.[50] His name, however does not appear in the biblical account of this siege, but only in reference to his siege of Ashdod. Is. 20:1†
Sennacherib King of Assyria 705 – 681 The author of a number of inscriptions discovered near Nineveh.[51] 2 Ki. 18:13Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Is. 36:1
Shalmaneser V King of Assyria 727 – 722 Mentioned on several royal palace weights found at Nimrud.[52] Another inscription was found that is thought to be his, but the name of the author is only partly preserved.[53] 2 Ki. 17:3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Ki. 18:9Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Taharqa Pharaoh of Egypt, King of Kush 690 – 664 Called Tirhaka, the king of Kush in the books of Kings and Isaiah.[54] Several contemporary sources mention him and fragments of three statues bearing his name were excavated at Nineveh.[55] Is. 37:9, 2 Ki. 19:9Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Tattenai Governor of Eber-Nari fl. 520 Known from contemporary Babylonian documents.[56][57] He governed the Persian province west of the Euphrates river during the reign of Darius I. Ezr. 5:3, Ezr. 6:13
Tiglath-Pileser III King of Assyria 745 – 727 Numerous writings are ascribed to him and he is mentioned, among others, in an inscription by Barrakab, king of Sam'al.[58] He exiled inhabitants of the cities he captured in Israel. 2 Ki. 15:29Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Ch. 5:6Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Xerxes I King of Persia 486 – 465 Called Ahasuerus in the books of Ezra and Esther.[16][59] Xerxes is known in archaeology through a number of tablets and monuments,[60] notably the 'Gate of All Nations' in Persepolis. Es. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Dn. 9:1, Ezr. 4:6

Deuterocanonicals or Apocrypha

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Name Title Date (BCE) Attestation and Notes Scriptural references[n 4]
Alexander Balas King of Asia 150 – 146 Pretended to be a son of Antiochus Epiphanes, as he is also described in 1 Maccabees.[61] Mentioned in Polybius' Histories.[62] 1 Mac. 10:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 11:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Alexander the Great King of Macedon 336 – 323 Referred to by Athenian orator Aeschines,[63][64] and identified on his coins.[65] 1 Mac. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 6:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Antiochus III the Great King of Asia 222 – 187 Mentioned by contemporary historian Polybius.[66][67] and coins with his name have survived. 1 Mac. 1:10Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 8:6Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Antiochus IV Epiphanes King of Asia 175 – 164 Known from Polybius' The Histories[68][69] and from contemporary coins. 1 Mac. 10:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Mac. 4:7Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Antiochus V Eupator King of Asia 163 – 161 Executed by his half-brother Demetrius I when he was 11 years old. Identified in an inscription from Dymi,[70] and on contemporary coins. 2 Mac. 2:20Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Mac. 13:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Antiochus VI Dionysus King of Asia 145 – 142 Reigned only nominally, as he was very young when his father died,[71] but he is identified on contemporary coins.[72] 1 Mac. 11:39Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 12:39Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Antiochus VII Sidetes King of Asia 138 – 129 Dethroned the usurper Tryphon. Coinage from the period bears his name.[73] 1 Mac. 15Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Ariarathes V King of Cappadocia 163 – 130 Mentioned by Polybius.[74][75] 1 Mac. 15:22Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Arsinoe III Queen of Egypt 220 – 204 Married to her brother, Ptolemy IV. Several contemporary inscriptions dedicated to them have been found.[76] 3 Mac. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 3 Mac. 1:4Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Attalus II Philadelphus King of Pergamon 160 – 138 Known from the writings of Polybius.[77][78] 1 Mac. 15:22Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Cleopatra Thea Queen of Asia 126 – 121 First married to Alexander Balas,[79] later to Demetrius II and Antiochus VII, she became sole ruler after Demetrius' death.[80] Her name and portrait appear on period coinage.[80] 1 Mac. 10:57–58Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Darius III King of Persia 336 – 330 Last king of the Achaemenid Empire, defeated by Alexander the Great. Mentioned in the Samaria Papyri.[81] 1 Mac. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Demetrius I Soter King of Asia 161 – 150 1 Mac. 7:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 9:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Demetrius II Nicator King of Asia 145 – 138, 129 – 126 Ruled over part of the kingdom, simultaneously with Antiochus VI and Tryphon. He was defeated by Antiochus VII, but regained the throne in 129 BCE. Mentioned in the Babylonian astronomical diaries.[82] 1 Mac. 11:19Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 13:34Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Diodotus Tryphon King of Asia 142–138 Usurped the throne after the death of Antiochus VI. Although Antiochus VII melted down most of his coins, some have been found in Orthosias.[73] 1 Mac. 11:39Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 12:39Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Eumenes II King of Pergamom 197 – 159 1 Mac. 8:8Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Heliodorus Seleucid legate fl. 178 2 Mac. 3:7Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Mac. 5:18Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Mithridates I King of Parthia 165 – 132 Also called Arsaces.[77] He captured Demetrius II as recorded in the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries.[82] 1 Mac. 14:2–3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 15:22Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Philip II King of Macedon 359 – 336 Father of Alexander the Great. Known from contemporary coins,[83] and mentioned by Aeschines.[63][64] 1 Mac. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 1 Mac. 6:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Philip V King of Macedon 221 – 179 1 Mac. 8:5Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Ptolemy IV Philopator King of Egypt 221 – 204 Mentioned together with his wife and sister Arsinoe III in contemporary inscriptions from Syria and Phoenicia.[76] 3 Mac. 1:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 3 Mac. 3:12Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Ptolemy VI Philometor King of Egypt 180 – 145 1 Mac. 1:18Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, 2 Mac. 9:29Template:Bibleverse with invalid book

New Testament

The Blacas Cameo (20–50 CE) depicting Roman emperor Augustus

By far the most important and most detailed sources for first-century Jewish history are the works of Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100 CE).[84][85] These books mention many of the same prominent political figures as the New Testament books and are crucial for understanding the historical background of the emergence of Christianity.[86] Josephus also mentions Jesus and the execution of John the Baptist[87] although he was not a contemporary of either. Apart from Josephus, information about some New Testament figures comes from Roman historians such as Tacitus and Suetonius and from ancient coins and inscriptions.

The central figure of the New Testament is Jesus of Nazareth. Despite ongoing debate concerning the authorship of many of its books, there is a consensus[13][88] among modern scholars that at least some were written by a contemporary of Jesus,[89][90] namely the so-called 'undisputed' epistles of Paul. However, outside the New Testament, no contemporary references to Jesus are known, unless a very early dating is assumed of some uncanonical gospel such as the Gospel of Thomas. Nevertheless, some authentic first century and many second century writings exist in which Jesus is mentioned,[n 5] leading scholars to conclude that the historicity of Jesus is well established by historical documents.[91][92][93]

Gospels

Name[n 6] Title Attestation and Notes Biblical references[n 7]
Annas High Priest of Israel Appointed by Quirinius c. 6 CE as recorded by Josephus.[94] Although he was officially removed from office by procurator Gratus, he continued to hold considerable influence,[95] and was involved in the trial of Jesus. Annas was the father-in-law of Caiaphas. Lk. 2:3, Joh. 18:13Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Augustus Caesar Emperor of Rome Reigned between 27 BCE and 14 CE, during which time Jesus was born. He left behind a wealth of buildings, coins and monuments,[96] including a funerary inscription in which he described his life and accomplishments. Lk. 2:1†
Caiaphas High Priest of Israel Also known as Joseph, who was called Caiaphas. He was reigning high priest during the ministry and death of Jesus and presided over the Jesus' trial. Based on Josephus' Antiquities,[97] it is estimated that he held the office between 18 and 36 CE.[98] In 1990 Israeli archeologists discovered near Jerusalem what is believed to be the family tomb of Caiaphas. One of the ossuaries bears the inscription 'Yosef Bar Kayafa' and contained the bones of a 60-year-old man.[99] Mt. 26:3, Joh 11:49Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Herod the Great King of Judea Mentioned extensively in the writings of Josephus[100] and others. Among his numerous building projects was the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem and his name is found on contemporary Jewish coins.[101] Mt. 2:1, Lk. 1:5
Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea A son of Herod the Great. Mentioned in Antiquities[102] and Wars of the Jews.[103] Both Matthew and Josephus record that he killed John the Baptist. Lk. 3:1, Mt. 14:1
Herod Archelaus Etnarch of Judea, Samaria and Edom A son of Herod the Great. He is known from the writings of Flavius Josephus[102] and from contemporary coins.[101] Mt. 2:22†
Herodias Herodian princess The wife of Herod Antipas.[104] According to the synoptic gospels, she was formerly married to Antipas's brother Philip, apparently Philip the Tetrarch. However, Josephus writes that her first husband was Herod II. Many scholars view this as a contradiction, but some have suggested that Herod II was also called Philip.[105] Mt. 14:3, Mk. 6:17
James the brother of Jesus A leading figure of the early Christian community in Jerusalem and traditionally considered the author of the Epistle of James. Josephus records that he was condemned by the Sanhedrin led by the high priest Ananus ben Ananus and then stoned to death c. 62 CE.[106][107] Mk. 6:3, Ga. 1:19Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Philip Tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis Josephus writes that he shared the kingdom of his father with his brothers Herod Antipas and Herod Archelaus.[108] His name and title appear on coinage from the period.[109][110] Lk. 1:3
Pontius Pilate Prefect of Judea He ordered Jesus' execution. A stone inscription was found that mentions his name and title: "[Po]ntius Pilatus, [Praef]ectus Iuda[ea]e" (Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judaea),[111][112] see Pilate Stone. Mt. 27:2, Joh. 19:15–16Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Quirinius Governor of Syria The Gospel of Luke connects the birth of Jesus with a census conducted during his governorship, which is, based on Josephus' works, dated to 6/7 CE.[113] That Quirinius conducted a census while governing Syria is also confirmed by a tomb inscription of one Quintus Aemilius Secundus, who had served under him.[114] However the Gospel of Matthew places Jesus' birth about a decade earlier (c. 4 BCE), during the rule of Herod the Great. Bible scholars have traditionally sought to reconcile these accounts; while most current scholars regard this as an error by the author of the Gospel of Luke.[115] Lk. 2:2†
Tiberius Caesar Emperor of Rome Named in many inscriptions and on Roman coins. Among other accounts, some of his deeds are described by contemporary historian Velleius (died c. 31 CE).[116] Lk. 3:1†
Salome Herodian princess A daughter of Herodias.[104] Although she is not named in the Gospels, but referred to as 'the daughter of Herodias', she is commonly identified with Salome, Herodias' daughter, mentioned in Josephus' Antiquities.[117] Mt. 14:6, Mk. 6:22†

Acts of the Apostles and Epistles

Name[n 8] Title Attestation and Notes Biblical references[n 7]
Ananias son of Nedebaios High Priest of Israel He held the office between c. 47 and 59 CE, as recorded by Josephus,[118] and presided over the trial of Paul. Ac 23:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 24:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Antonius Felix Procurator of Judea Mentioned by historians Josephus,[119] Suetonius[120] and Tacitus[121] He imprisoned the apostle Paul around the year 58 CE, two years before Porcius Festus replaced him.[122] Ac 23:24Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 25:14Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Aretas IV Philopatris King of the Nabateans According to Paul, Aretas' governor in Damascus tried to arrest him. Besides being mentioned by Josephus,[123] his name is found in several contemporary inscriptions[124] and on numerous coins.[125] 2 Cor. 11:32†
Berenice Herodian princess A daughter of Herod Agrippa I. She appears to have had almost equal power to her brother Herod Agrippa II (with whom she was rumored to have an incestuous relationship, according to Josephus)[119] and is indeed called Queen Berenice in Tacitus' Histories.[126] Ac 25:23Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 26:30Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Claudius Caesar Emperor of Rome Like other Roman emperors, his name is found on numerous coins[127] and monuments, such as the Porta Maggiore in Rome. Ac 11:28Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 18:2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Drusilla Herodian princess Married to Antonius Felix, according to the Book of Acts and Josephus' Antiquities.[119][128] Ac 24:24Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Gallio Proconsul of Achaea Full name Lucius Iunius Gallio Annaeanus. Seneca, his brother, mentions him in his epistles.[129] In Delphi, an inscription, dated to 52 CE, was discovered that records a letter by emperor Claudius, in which Gallio is also named as proconsul[130] Ac 18:12–17Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Gamaliel the Elder Rabbi of the Sanhedrin He is named as the father of Simon by Flavius Josephus in his autobiography.[131] In the Talmud he is also described as a prominent member of the Sanhedrin.[132] Ac 5:34Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 22:3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Herod Agrippa I King of Judea Although his name is given as Herod by Luke,[n 9] and as Agrippa by Josephus,[133] the accounts both writers give about his death are so similar that they are commonly accepted to refer to the same person.[21][134] Hence many modern scholars call him Herod Agrippa (I). Ac 12:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 12:21Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Herod Agrippa II King of Judea He ruled alongside his sister Berenice. Josephus writes about him in his Antiquities,[119] and his name is found inscribed on contemporary Jewish coins.[101] Ac 25:23Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 26:1Template:Bibleverse with invalid book
Judas of Galilee Leader of a Jewish revolt. Both the Book of Acts and Josephus[113] tell of a rebellion he instigated in the time of the census of Quirinius.[135] Ac 5:37Template:Bibleverse with invalid book†
Porcius Festus Governor of Judea Succeeded Antonius Felix, as recorded by Josephus and the Book of Acts.[136][137] Ac 24:27Template:Bibleverse with invalid book, Ac 26:25Template:Bibleverse with invalid book

Tentatively identified

These are Biblical figures for which tentative but likely identifications have been found in contemporary sources based on matching names and credentials. The possibility of coincidental matching of names cannot be ruled out however.

Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

Timeline showing the kings of Israel and Judah according to the chronology from Edwin R. Thiele. Kings that are known from contemporary extra-biblical sources are highlighted in yellow. Tentatively identified kings are highlighted in orange.
  • Asaiah, servant of king Josiah (2 Kings 22:12). A seal with the text Asayahu servant of the king probably belonged to him.[138]
  • Azaliah son of Meshullam, scribe in the Temple in Jerusalem: Mentioned in 2 Kings 22:3 and 2 Chronicles 34:8. A bulla reading "belonging to Azaliabu son of Meshullam." is likely to be his, according to archaeologist Nahman Avigad.[139]
  • Azariah son of Hilkiah and grandfather of Ezra: Mentioned in 1 Chronicles 6:13,14; 9:11 and Ezra 7:1. A bulla reading Azariah son of Hilkiah is likely to be his, according to Tsvi Schneider.[140]
  • Baalis king of Ammon is mentioned in Jeremiah 40:14. In 1984 an Ammonite seal, dated to c. 600 BCE, was excavated in Tell El-`Umeiri, Jordan that reads "belonging to Milkomor, the servant of Baalisha". Identification of 'Baalisha' with the biblical Baalis is likely,[141] but it is not currently known if there was only one Ammonite king of that name.[142]
  • Darius II of Persia, is mentioned by the contemporary historian Xenophon of Athens,[143] in the Elephantine Papyri,[37] and other sources. 'Darius the Persian', mentioned in Nehemiah 12:22, is probably Darius II, although some scholars identify him with Darius I or Darius III.[144][145]
  • Gedaliah son of Ahikam, governor of Judah. A seal impression with the name 'Gedaliah who is over the house' is commonly identified with Gedaliah, son of Ahikam.[146]
  • Gedaliah son of Pashhur, an opponent of Jeremiah. A bulla bearing his name was found in the City of David [147]
  • Gemariah, son of Shaphan the scribe. A bulla was found with the text "To Gemaryahu ben Shaphan". This may have been the same person as "Gemariah son of Shaphan the scribe" mentioned in Jeremiah 36:10,12.[148]
  • Geshem (Gusham) the Arab, mentioned in Nehemia 6:1,6 is likely the same person as Gusham, king of Kedar, found in two inscriptions in Dedan and Tell el-Mashkutah (near the Suez Canal)[149]
  • Hilkiah, high priest in the Temple in Jerusalem: Mentioned throughout 2 Kings 22:8-23:24 and 2 Chronicles 34:9-35:8 as well as in 1 Chronicles 6:13; 9:11 and Ezra 7:1. Hilkiah in extra-biblical sources is attested by the clay bulla naming a Hilkiah as the father of an Azariah,[140] and by the seal reading Hanan son of Hilkiah the priest.[150]
  • Jehucal son of Shelemiah, an opponent of Jeremiah. Archaeologists excavated a bulla with his name,[151] but some scholars question the dating of the seal to the time of Jeremiah. According to Robert Deutsch the bulla is from the late 8th to early 7th century BCE, before the time of Jeremiah.[citation needed]
  • Jerahmeel, prince of Judah. A bulla bearing his name was found.[152]
  • Jeroboam (II), king of Israel. A seal belonging to 'Shema, servant of Jeroboam', probably refers to king Jeroboam II,[153] although some scholars think it was Jeroboam I.[142]
  • Jezebel, wife of king Ahab of Israel. A seal was found that may bear her name, but the dating and identification with the biblical Jezebel is a subject of debate among scholars.[154]
  • Josiah, king of Judah. Three seals were found that may have belonged to his son Eliashib.[155]
  • Nergal-sharezer, king of Babylon is probably identical to an official of Nebuchadnezzar II mentioned in Jeremiah 39:2.[110] A record of his war with Syria was found on a tablet from the 'Neo-Babylonian Chronicle texts'.[156]
  • Seraiah son of Neriah. He was the brother of Baruch. Nahman Avigad identified him as the owner of a seal with the name " to Seriahu/Neriyahu".[140]
The so-called Shebna Lintel
  • Shebna (or Shebaniah), royal steward of Hezekiah: only the last two letters of a name (hw) survive on the so-called Shebna lintel, but the title of his position ("over the house" of the king) and the date indicated by the script style, have inclined many scholars to identify the person it refers to with Shebna.[157]
  • Sheshonq I, Pharaoh of Egypt, is normally identified with king Shishaq in the Hebrew Bible. The account of Shishaq's invasion in the 5th year of Rehoboam (1 Kings 14:25-28) is thought to correspond to an inscription found at Karnak of Shoshenq's campaign into Palestine.[158] However, a minority of scholars reject this identification.[159]
  • Uzziah, king of Judah. The writings of Tiglath-Pileser III may refer to him, but this identification is disputed.[160] There is also an inscription that refers to his bones, but it dates from the 1st century CE.
  • Zedekiah, son of Hananiah (Jeremiah 36:12). A seal was found of "Zedekiah son of Hanani", identification is likely, but uncertain.[161]

Deuterocanonicals or Apocrypha

New Testament

  • 'The Egyptian', who was according to Acts 21:38 the instigator of a rebellion, also appears to be mentioned by Josephus, although this identification is uncertain.[163][164]
  • Sergius Paulus was proconsul of Cyprus (Acts 13:4-7), when Paul visited the island around 46-48 CE.[165] Although several individuals with this name have been identified, no certain identification can be made. One Quintus Sergius Paulus, who was proconsul of Cyprus probably during the reign of Claudius (41-54 CE) is however compatible with the time and context of Luke's account.[165][166]
  • Lysanias, was tetrarch of Abila around 28 CE, according to Luke (3:1). Because Josephus only mentions a Lysanias of Abila who was executed in 36 BCE, some scholars have considered this an error by Luke. However, one inscription from Abila, which is tentatively dated 14-29 CE, appears to record the existence of a later tetrarch called Lysanias.[167][168]
  • Theudas. The sole reference to Theudas presents a problem of chronology. In Acts of the Apostles, Gamaliel, a member of the sanhedrin, defends the apostles by referring to Theudas (Acts 5:36-8). The difficulty is that the rising of Theudas is here given as before that of Judas of Galilee, which is itself dated to the time of the taxation (c. 6-7 AD). Josephus, on the other hand, says that Theudas was 45 or 46, which is after Gamaliel is speaking, and long after Judas the Galilean.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Identified in the Tel Dan Stele and the Deir Alla Inscription respectively.
  2. ↑ For kings and rulers these dates refer to their reigns. Dates for Israelite and Judahite kings are according to the chronology of Edwin R. Thiele.
  3. ↑ The dagger symbol (†) indicates that all occurrences in the Hebrew Bible have been cited.
  4. ↑ The dagger symbol (†) indicates that all occurrences in the larger canon have been cited.
  5. ↑ These sources include (but are not limited to) 1st century: Paul, Peter, Josephus, Clement and the Synoptic Gospels; 2nd century: Tacitus, Lucian, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Hegesippus, Justin Martyr and a number of apocryphal works. For dates of the New Testament books, see Dating_the_Bible#Table_IV:_New_Testament.
  6. ↑ Names that are also mentioned in the Old Testament are not repeated here.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 The dagger symbol (†) indicates that all occurrences in the New Testament have been cited.
  8. ↑ Names that are also mentioned in the Gospels are not repeated here.
  9. ↑ i.e. the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles. See Authorship of Luke–Acts.

References

  1. ↑ Davies, Philip R., In Search of Ancient Israel: A Study in Biblical Origins, Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015, p. 48 [1]
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kelle, Brad E., Ancient Israel at War 853-586 BC, Osprey Publishing, 2007, p. 8–9 [2]
  3. ↑ De Breucker, Geert, in The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture [3], edited by Karen Radner, Eleanor Robson, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 643
  4. ↑ Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (ed), Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem [4], BRILL, 2014, p. 45
  5. ↑ Rainey, Anson F. Stones for Bread: Archaeology versus History [5] in Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep., 2001), pp. 140-149
  6. ↑ Lawson Younger, K., KURKH MONOLITH. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 263
  7. ↑ Galil, G., The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah, Brill, 1996, p. 67 [6]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Deutsch, Robert First Impression: What We Learn from King Ahaz’s Seal [7] in Biblical Archaeology Review, July 1998, pp. 54-56, 62
  9. ↑ The palace of Apries, University College London, 2002
  10. ↑ Petrie, W. M. Flinders & Walker, J. H., The palace of Apries (Memphis II) [8], published by School of Archaeology in Egypt, University College, 1909)
  11. ↑ Wolfram Grajetzki, Stephen Quirke, Narushige Shiode, Digital Egypt for Universities [9], University College London, 2000
  12. ↑ Rogerson, John William; Davies, Philip R.; The Old Testament world, Continuum International, 2005, p. 89 [10]
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Dunn, James D. G. & Rogerson, John William, Eerdmans commentary on the Bible, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, Artaxerxes: p. 321 [11]; Pauline epistles: p. 1274 [12]
  14. ↑ Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by Thomas Hobbes, Book 1, Chapter 137 [13]
  15. ↑ Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John; The Cambridge ancient history Volume IV, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 149 [14]
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Coogan et al., 2010, p. 673 [15]
  17. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 294-301
  18. ↑ Harper, P.O.; Aruz, J.; Tallon, F.; The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992, p. 270 [16]
  19. ↑ Nabonidus Cylinder [17] translation by Paul-Alain Beaulieu, author of The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556-539 B.C. (1989)
  20. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 313
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Geoffrey W. Bromiley International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D, Agrippa: p. 42; Ben-Hadad III: p. 459
  22. ↑ Cyrus cylinder [18], translation by Irving Finkel, at the British Museum
  23. ↑ Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; The Jewish study Bible, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 1243 [19]
  24. ↑ Stead, Michael R.; Raine, John W.; The intertextuality of Zechariah 1-8, Continuum International, 2009, p. 40 [20]
  25. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 289-301
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Thompson, R. Campbell, The prisms of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal found at Nineveh [21], Oxford University Press, 1931, p. 9 and 25
  27. ↑ Barton, George A., Archæology and the Bible, American Sunday-school union, 1917, p. 381 [22]
  28. ↑ Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period, BRILL, 2003, pp. 151, 329 [23]
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 The Black Obelisk at the British Museum. Translation adapted by K.C. Hanson from Luckenbill, Daniel David Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Vol. 1. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1927
  30. ↑ Hagelia, Hallvard, The First Dissertation of the Tel Dan Inscription [24] in the Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament, Volume 18, Issue 1 January 2004 , page 136
  31. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 287-288
  32. ↑ Cross, Frank Moore, King Hezekiah's Seal Bears Phoenician Imagery [25] in Biblical Archaeology Review, March–April, 1999
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 284
  34. ↑ Tetley, M. Christine, The reconstructed chronology of the Divided Kingdom, Eisenbrauns, 2005, p. 99 [26]
  35. ↑ Bryce, Trevor, The Routledge Handbook of The People and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Earky Bronze Age to the fall of the Persians Empire, Routledge, 2009, p. 342 [27]
  36. ↑ Wiseman, D. J., Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon [28], Oxford University Press 1991, pp. 81-82
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Ginsburg, H.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 492
  38. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 291
  39. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 283
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 The Mesha Stele at the Louvre Museum. Translation by K. C. Hanson (Adapted from Albright 1969:320-21)
  41. ↑ Birch, Samuel & Sayce, A.H., Records of the past : being English translations of the Ancient monuments of Egypt and western Asia [29], published under the sanction of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (1873), p. 13
  42. ↑ The Ishtar Gate, translation from The Ishtar Gate, The Processional Way, The New Year Festival of Babylon. by Joachim Marzahn, Mainz am Rhein, Germany: Philipp von Zaubern, 1995
  43. ↑ Boardman, John, The Cambridge ancient history, Vol. III Part 2, p. 408 [30]
  44. ↑ Lipschitz, Oded, The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule, Eisenbrauns, 2005, p. 80
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 297
  48. ↑ Grabbe, Lester L., Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134
  49. ↑ VanderKam, James C., An introduction to early Judaism, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2001, p. 7 [31]
  50. ↑ The Annals of Sargon, Excerpted from "Great Inscription in the Palace of Khorsabad," Julius Oppert, tr., in Records of the Past, vol. 9 (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1877), pp. 3-20
  51. ↑ Reade, Julian, Sources for Sennacherib: The Prisms [32] in Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 189-196
  52. ↑ Lipiński, Edward et al., Immigration and emigration within the ancient Near East [33], Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven 1995, pp. 36-41, 48
  53. ↑ Luckenbill, D. D. The First Inscription of Shalmaneser V [34], The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Apr., 1925), pp. 162-164
  54. ↑ Coogan et al., 2010, p. 1016 [35]
  55. ↑ Thomason, Allison Karmel From Sennacherib's Bronzes to Taharqa's Feet: Conceptions of the Material World at Nineveh [36], Iraq, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assriologique Internationale, Part One (2004), pp. 151-162
  56. ↑ Coogan et al., 2010, p. 674 [37]
  57. ↑ Briant, Pierre,, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns, 2002, p. 487 [38]
  58. ↑ Oppenheim, A.L.; Rosenthal, F.; in Pritchard 1969, pp. 282-284, 655
  59. ↑ Fensham, Frank Charles, The books of Ezra and Nehemiah, Eerdmans, 1982, p. 69 [39]
  60. ↑ Briant, Pierre, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns, 2006, p. 554 [40]
  61. ↑ Schwartz, Daniel R., 2 Maccabees, Walter de Gruyter, 2008, p. 13 [41]
  62. ↑ Polybius, Book 33 Chapter 18
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Worthington, Ian, Alexander the Great: Man and God, Routledge, 2014, p. 66 [42]
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 3.219
  65. ↑ Mørkholm, O., Grierson, P., Westermark, U., Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamaea (336-188 BC), Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 42 [43]
  66. ↑ Scolnic, Benjamin Edidin, Judaism Defined: Mattathias and the Destiny of His People, University Press of America, 2010, p. 226 [44]
  67. ↑ Polybius, Book 1 Chapter 3
  68. ↑ Champion, Craige B., Cultural Politics in Polybius’s Histories, University of California Press, 2004, p. 188 [45]
  69. ↑ Polybius, Book 31 Chapter 21
  70. ↑ Grainger, John D., A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer, Brill, 1997, p. 28[46] citing Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae 252
  71. ↑ Bartlett, J. R., The First and Second Books of the Maccabees, Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 158 [47]
  72. ↑ Bing, D., Sievers, J., Antiochus VI, entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica, retrieved 12 January 2016
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Astin, A. E., The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 8, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 369 [48]
  74. ↑ Polybius, Book 21 Chapter 47
  75. ↑ Goodman, Martin; Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.), The Oxford Bible Commentary: The Apocrypha, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 158 [49]
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Gera, Dov, Judaea and Mediterranean Politics: 219 to 161 B.C.E., Brill, 1998, p. 12 [50]
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Coogan et al., 2010, p. 1592
  78. ↑ Gruen, Erich S., The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, Volume 1, University of California Press, 1986, p. 573 [51], citing Polybius, Book 30 Chapter 1
  79. ↑ Kosmin, Paul J., The Land of the Elephant Kings, Harvard University Press, 2014, p. 135 [52]
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Salisbury, Joyce E., Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World, ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp. 55–57 [53]
  81. ↑ Folmer, M. L., The Aramaic Language in the Achaemenid Period: A Study in Linguistic Variation, Peeters Publishers, 1995, p. 27–28 [54]
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Rahim Shayegan, M., Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 68 [55]
  83. ↑ Warry, John, Alexander 334-323 BC: Conquest of the Persian Empire, Osprey Publishing, 1991, p. 8 [56]
  84. ↑ Grabbe, Lester L., An Introduction to First Century Judaism: Jewish Religion and History in the Second Temple Period, A&C Black, 1996, p. 22 [57]
  85. ↑ Millar, Fergus, The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337, Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 70 [58]
  86. ↑ Feldman, Louis H., Josephus, the Bible, and History, Brill, 1989, p. 18 [59]
  87. ↑ ,Antiquities, Book XVIII Ch. 5 § 2
  88. ↑ Coogan et al., 2010, p. 1973 [60]
  89. ↑ Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, Paul: a critical life, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 4 [61]
  90. ↑ Cate, Robert L., One untimely born: the life and ministry of the Apostle Paul Mercer University Press, 2006, p. 48 [62]
  91. ↑ Levine, Amy-Jill ed., Allison, Dale C. Jr. ed., Crossan, John Dominic ed., The Historical Jesus in Context, Princeton University Press, 2008, [63] "Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, (...) engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, (...) and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate (26-36 CE)"
  92. ↑ Stanton, Graham, The Gospels and Jesus Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. 2002, p. 145. He writes: "Today nearly all historians, whether Christians or not, accept that Jesus existed and that the gospels contain plenty of valuable evidence which has to be weighed and assessed critically."
  93. ↑ Bockmuehl, Markus N. A., The Cambridge companion to Jesus, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 124 [64] "The fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (...) seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian evidence can provide us with certainty on that score"
  94. ↑ Antiquities, Book XVIII, Ch. 2, § 1
  95. ↑ Uytanlet, Samson, Luke-Acts and Jewish Historiography: A Study on the Theology, Literature, and Ideology of Luke-Acts, Mohr Siebeck, 2014, p. 203 [65]
  96. ↑ Augustus (Roman Emperor) in the Encyclopædia Britannica
  97. ↑ Antiquities, Book XVIII, Ch. 2, § 2 & Ch. 4 § 3
  98. ↑ Caiaphas in the Jewish Encyclopedia
  99. ↑ Specter, Michael Tomb May Hold the Bones Of Priest Who Judged Jesus in The New York Times, August 14, 1992
  100. ↑ Antiquities, Book XV Ch. 1 § 1 etc.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Kanael, Baruch Ancient Jewish Coins and Their Historical Importance in The Biblical Archaeologist Vol. 26, No. 2 (May, 1963), p. 52
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Antiquities, B. XVII, Ch. 8, § 1
  103. ↑ Flavius Josephus, Wars of the Jews, translated by William Whiston, Book 2, Ch. 6, Par. 3
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Antiquities, B. XVIII Ch. 5 § 4
  105. ↑ Hoehner, Harold W., Herod Antipas: A Contemporary of Jesus Christ, Zondervan, 1980, p. 133-134
  106. ↑ Davids, P.H. in The Oxford Companion to the Bible, edited by Metzger, B.M. and Coogan, M.D., Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 339-340
  107. ↑ Chilton, B.D. (ed.), Evans, C.A. (ed.), Bauckam, R., James The Just and Christian Origins, BRILL, 1999, pp. 4, 199
  108. ↑ Antiquities, B. XVII, Ch. 11 § 4
  109. ↑ Myers, E. A., The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources [66], Cambridge University Press 2010, p. 111
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Freedman, D.N. (ed), Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible [67], Wm. B. Eerdmans 2000, Philip the Tetrarch: p. 584, Nergal-Sharezer: p. 959
  111. ↑ Taylor, Joan E., Pontius Pilate and the Imperial Cult in Roman Judaea in New Testament Studies, 52:564-565, Cambridge University Press 2006
  112. ↑ Pilate Stone, translation by K. C. Hanson & Douglas E. Oakman
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Antiquities, B. XVIII Ch. 1 § 1
  114. ↑ Levick, Barbara, The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook [68], 2nd ed. Routledge 2000, p. 75
  115. ↑ Raymond Brown, Christ in the Gospels of the Liturgical Year, (Liturgical Press, 2008), page 114. See, for example, James Douglas Grant Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003) p344. Similarly, Erich S. Gruen, 'The expansion of the empire under Augustus', in The Cambridge ancient history Volume 10, p157, Geza Vermes, The Nativity, Penguin 2006, p.96, W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, 'Jesus from the Jewish point of view', in The Cambridge History of Judaism ed William Horbury, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984, Anthony Harvey, A Companion to the New Testament (Cambridge University Press 2004), p221, Meier, John P., A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. Doubleday, 1991, v. 1, p. 213, Brown, Raymond E. The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke. London: G. Chapman, 1977, p. 554, A. N. Sherwin-White, pp. 166, 167, Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. repr. in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  116. ↑ Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, Book 2, Ch. 122
  117. ↑ Salome in the Encyclopædia Britannica
  118. ↑ Antiquities, B. XX Ch. 5 § 2
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 Antiquities, B. XX Ch. 7
  120. ↑ Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, The Twelve Caesars, translated by J. C. Rolfe, Book V, par. 28
  121. ↑ Cornelius Tacitus, Annals, translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, Book XII Ch. 54
  122. ↑ Cate, Robert L., One Untimely Born: The Life and Ministry of the Apostle Paul, Mercer University Press, 2006, p. 117, 120 [69]
  123. ↑ Antiquities, B. XVIII Ch. 5 § 1
  124. ↑ Healey, John F., Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume IV: Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period, Oxford University Press 2009, pp. 55-57, 77-79, etc.
  125. ↑ Galil, Gershon & Weinfeld, Moshe, Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography: Presented to Zechariah Kallai (Supplements to Vetus Testamentum), Brill Academic Publishers 2000, p. 85
  126. ↑ Cornelius Tacitus, The Histories, translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, Book II, par. 2
  127. ↑ Burgers, P., Coinage and State Expenditure: The Reign of Claudius AD 41-54 [70] in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Vol. 50, No. 1 (1st Qtr., 2001), pp. 96-114
  128. ↑ Borgen, Peder, Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism, T&T Clark, 1998, p. 55 [71]
  129. ↑ Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Letter 104 from Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium, translation by Richard M. Gummere
  130. ↑ Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, Gallio Inscription, translation by K. C. Hanson (adapted from Conzelmann and Fitzmyer).
  131. ↑ Flavius Josephus, The Life of Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston, paragraph 38.
  132. ↑ Gamaliel I in the Jewish Encyclopedia
  133. ↑ Antiquities, B. XVIII Ch. 6 § 1
  134. ↑ Bruce, F.F. The Book of Acts (revised), part of The New international commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1988
  135. ↑ Kinman, Brent, Jesus' Entry Into Jerusalem: In the Context of Lukan Theology and the Politics of His Days, BRILL, 1995, p. 18 [72]
  136. ↑ Antiquities, Book XX, Ch. 8, § 9
  137. ↑ Yamazaki-Ransom, K., The Roman Empire in Luke's Narrative, Continuum, 2010, p. 145 [73]
  138. ↑ Heltzer, Michael, THE SEAL OF ˓AŚAYĀHŪ. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 204
  139. ↑ Avigad, Nahman, Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals, (p. 237 WSS 90), published by the Israel Academy of Sciences & Humanities
  140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 Schneider, Tsvi, Six Biblical Signatures: Seals and seal impressions of six biblical personages recovered', Biblical Archeology Review, July/August 1991
  141. ↑ Grabbe, Lester L., Can a 'History of Israel' Be Written?, Continuum International, 1997, pp. 80-82 [74]
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Mykytiuk, Lawrence J., Identifying Biblical persons in Northwest Semitic inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E., Society of Biblical Literature, 2004, Baalis: p. 242 [75]; Jeroboam: p. 136 [76]
  143. ↑ Xenophon of Athens, Hellenica, Book 1, Chapter 2
  144. ↑ VanderKam, James C., From revelation to canon: studies in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple literature, Volume 2000, BRILL, 2002, p. 181 [77]
  145. ↑ Freedman, David N., The Unity of the Hebrew Bible, University of Michigan Press, 1993, p. 93 [78]
  146. ↑ Wright, G. Ernest, Some Personal Seals of Judean Royal Officials [79] in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 1, No. 2 (May, 1938), pp. 10-12
  147. ↑ Unique biblical discovery at City of David excavation site [80], Israel Ministry of Foreign affairs; 18-Aug-2008. Retrieved 2009-11-16
  148. ↑ Ogden, D. Kelly Bulla *2 "To Gemaryahu ben Shaphan", published by Brigham Young University. Dept. of Religious Education
  149. ↑ Wright, G. Ernest Judean Lachish in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Feb., 1955), pp. 9-17
  150. ↑ Josette Elayi, New Light on the Identification of the Seal of Priest Hanan, son of Hilqiyahu (2 Kings 22), Bibliotheca Orientalis, 5/6, September–November 1992, 680-685.
  151. ↑ Clay seal connects to Bible in The Washington Times, Wednesday, October 1, 2008
  152. ↑ Avigad, Nahman, Baruch the Scribe and Jerahmeel the King's Son [81] in The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Spring, 1979), pp. 114-118
  153. ↑ Boardman, John, The Cambridge ancient history, Vol. 3 Part 1, p. 501 [82]
  154. ↑ Korpel, Marjo C.A., Scholars Debate “Jezebel” Seal, Biblical Archeology Review
  155. ↑ Albright, W.F. in Pritchard 1969, p. 569
  156. ↑ The Chronicle Concerning Year Three of Neriglissar [83], translation adapted from A.K. Grayson & Jean-Jacques Glassner
  157. ↑ Deutsch, Robert, Tracking Down Shebnayahu, Servant of the King in Biblical Archeology Review May/Jun 2009
  158. ↑ Grabbe, Lester L., Israel in transition: from late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250-850 B.C.E.), Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010, p. 84 [84]
  159. ↑ Schreiber, N., The Cypro-Phoenician pottery of the Iron Age, Brill, 2003 p. 87 [85]
  160. ↑ Haydn, Howell M. Azariah of Judah and Tiglath-Pileser III in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 28, No. 2 (1909), pp. 182-199
  161. ↑ Day, John In search of pre-exilic Israel: proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar p. 376
  162. ↑ Healey, John F., The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus, Brill, 2001, p. 29 [86]
  163. ↑ Vanderkam, James C., in The Continuum History of Apocalypticism [87] (edited by McGinn, Bernard J.; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J.), Continuum, 2003, p. 133
  164. ↑ Frankfurter, David, Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt [88], BRILL, 1998, p. 206
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 Gill, David W. J. (ed.) & Gempf, Conrad (ed.), The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting [89] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1994, p. 282
  166. ↑ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Vol. III: K-P [90] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1986, p. 729-730 (entry Paulus, Sergius)
  167. ↑ Kerr, C.M., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Wm. B. Eerdmans 1939, entry Lysanias [91]
  168. ↑ Morris, Leon, Luke: an introduction and commentary [92] Wm. B. Eerdmans 1988, p. 28

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (3 Volumes)
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources&oldid=213771"