Janus (moon)

"Saturn X" redirects here. For the spurious moon reported in 1905, see Themis (hypothetical moon).

Janus is an inner satellite of Saturn. It is also known as Saturn X. It is named after the mythological Janus.

History

Discovery

Janus was identified by Audouin Dollfus on 15 December 1966 and given the temporary designation S/1966 S 2. Previously, Jean Texereau had photographed Janus on 29 October 1966 without realising it. On December 18, Richard Walker observed an object in the same orbit as Janus, but whose position could not be reconciled with the previous observations. Twelve years later, in October 1978, Stephen M. Larson and John W. Fountain realised that the 1966 observations were best explained by two distinct objects (Janus and Epimetheus) sharing very similar orbits, Rick Walker is now credited with the discovery of Epimetheus. Voyager 1 confirmed this orbital configuration in 1980. (See co-orbital moon for a more detailed description of their unique arrangement.)

Observational history

Janus was observed on subsequent occasions and given different provisional designations. Pioneer 11's three energetic-particle detectors detected its "shadow" when the probe flew by Saturn on 1 September 1979 (S/1979 S 2.) Janus was observed by Dan Pascu on 19 February 1980 (S/1980 S 1,) and then by John W. Fountain, Stephen M. Larson, Harold J. Reitsema and Bradford A. Smith on 23 February 1980 (S/1980 S 2.)

Name

Janus is named after the two-faced Roman god Janus. Although the name was informally proposed soon after the initial 1966 discovery, it was not officially named until 1983, when Epimetheus was also named.

The Oxford English Dictionary lists the adjectival form of the moon's name as Janian.

Orbit

Epimetheus(lower left) and Janus (right) seen on 20 March 2006, two months after swapping orbits. The two moons appear close only because of foreshortening; in reality, Janus is about 40,000 km farther from Cassini than Epimetheus.

Rotating-frame depiction of the horseshoe orbits of Janus and Epimetheus

Janus's orbit is co-orbital with that of Epimetheus. Janus's mean orbital radius from Saturn is, as of 2006 (as shown by green color in the picture to the right), only 50 km less than that of Epimetheus, a distance smaller than either moon's mean radius. In accordance with Kepler's laws of planetary motion, the closer orbit is completed more quickly. Because of the small difference it is completed in only about 30 seconds less. Each day, the inner moon is an additional 0.25° farther around Saturn than the outer moon. As the inner moon catches up to the outer moon, their mutual gravitational attraction increases the inner moon's momentum and decreases that of the outer moon. This added momentum means that the inner moon's distance from Saturn and orbital period are increased, and the outer moon's are decreased. The timing and magnitude of the momentum exchange is such that the moons effectively swap orbits, never approaching closer than about 10,000 km. The exchange takes place about once every four years; the last close approaches occurred on January 21, 2006, and in 2010, when Janus's orbital radius increased by ~20 km, whereas Epimetheus's decreased by ~80 km. Janus's orbit is less affected because it is four times more massive than Epimetheus. This the only such orbital configuration known in the Solar System.

The orbital relationship between Janus and Epimetheus can be understood in terms of the circular restricted three-body problem, as a case in which the two moons (the third body being Saturn) are similar in size to each other.

Physical characteristics

Janus is extensively cratered with several craters larger than 30 km, but has few linear features. Janus's surface appears to be older than Prometheus's but younger than Pandora's.

Janus has a very low density and relatively high albedo, meaning that it is likely very icy and porous (a rubble pile).

Interactions with rings

A faint dust ring is present around the region occupied by the orbits of Janus and Epimetheus, as revealed by images taken in forward-scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006. The ring has a radial extent of about 5000 km. Its source is particles blasted off their surfaces by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around their orbital paths.

Along with Ephimetheus, Janus maintains the sharp edge of the A Ring by a 7:6 orbital resonance.

Gallery

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  Janus as viewed by Voyager 2 on 1981-08-25.

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  Janus and Prometheus lie above and below Saturn's rings in this Cassini image from 2006-04-29.

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  Janus in front of Saturn as imaged by Cassini on 2006-09-25

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  Janus as imaged by Cassini on 2008-02-20.

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  Crescent Janus (2008-06-30)

See also

• List of geological features on Saturn's smaller moons
• Saturn's moons in fiction

Bibliography

• (supporting online material, table S1)

External links

Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

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More spoken articles

• Janus Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• The Planetary Society: Janus
• 'Solar System Dynamics' by Murray and Dermott The standard text on the subject, describes the orbits in detail.
• QuickTime illustration of co-orbital motion from Murray and Dermott
• Cassini image of Janus and Epimetheus near the time of their orbital swap.
• Janus nomenclature from the USGS planetary nomenclature page