Hericium erinaceus
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H. erinaceus
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Clavaria erinaceus |
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ecology is parasitic |
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edibility: choice |
Hericium erinaceus (also called Lion's Mane Mushroom, Bearded Tooth Mushroom, Satyr's Beard, Bearded Hedgehog Mushroom, pom pom mushroom, or Bearded Tooth Fungus) is an edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to the tooth fungus group. Native to North America, Europe and Asia it can be identified by its long spines (greater than 1 cm length), its appearance on hardwoods and its tendency to grow a single clump of dangling spines.[1] Hericium erinaceus can be mistaken for other species of Hericium, all popular edibles, which grow across the same range. In the wild, these mushrooms are common during late summer and fall on hardwoods, particularly American Beech.
Contents
Chemistry
Hericium erinaceus contains a number of polysaccharides, such as B-glucan, heteroglucans, heteroxylans, as several cyanthane derivative triterpenes known as hericenone and erinacine.[1] These latter compounds, found in the fruitbody and mycelium respectively, are considered to be responsible for the neuroregenerative effects of this species.[2]
Culinary use
Hericium erinaceus is a choice edible when young, and the texture of the cooked mushroom is often compared to seafood. It often appears in Chinese vegetarian cuisine to replace pork or lamb. This mushroom is cultivated commercially on logs or sterilized sawdust and is available fresh or dried in Asian grocery stores.
Alternative names
It is called hóu tóu gū (simplified: 猴头菇; traditional: 猴頭菇; lit. "monkey head mushroom") in Chinese. In Japanese it is called yamabushitake (山伏茸; lit. "mountain priest mushroom"). In Vietnamese it is called nấm đầu khỉ which literally means the same as hóu tóu gū (monkey head mushroom). In Korean it is called "노루궁뎅이버섯, "Norugongdengi-beoseot", literally "Deertail Mushroom".
Medical research and use
Hericium erinaceus has long a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. A 2005 rat study showed some compounds in the mushroom, like threitol, D-arabinitol, and palmitic acid, may have antioxidant effects, regulate blood lipid levels and reduce blood glucose levels.[3] A 2012 study on rats that had suffered brain injury showed that "daily oral administration of H. erinaceus could promote the regeneration of injured rat peroneal nerve in the early stage of recovery."[4] More recently and more relevant to human use, is a 2013 review of scientific studies, which asserted the medical benefits of the mushroom by saying "This mushroom is rich in some physiologically important components, especially β-glucan polysaccharides, which are responsible for anti-cancer, immuno-modulating, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and neuro-protective activities of this mushroom. H. erinaceus has also been reported to have anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, wound healing properties among other therapeutic potentials."[5] A 2014 scientific review on the therapeutic effects of H. erinaceus concluded that "it is helpful to various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, immunoregulatory, and many types of cancer."[6]
A report reveals that pills of this mushroom are used in the treatment of gastric ulcers and esophageal carcinoma.[7] And a 2011 study on rats demonstrates the mushroom's wound healing capacities.[8]
Considering the increase of degenerative conditions, scientists around the world have launched investigations on the possible anti-dementia compounds[citation needed] of this mushroom.
Primary research has demonstrated the following:
- Stimulated animal nerve cells.[9]
- A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial showed improved cognitive ability in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.[10]
- Stimulated nerve growth factor in an in vitro experiment with human astrocytoma cells.[2] Nerve growth factor stimulated by phenol-analogous Hericenone.[11]
- Stimulated myelination in an in vitro experiment.[12]
- Regenerated peripheral nerves following crush injury[13]
Long-term safety and effects of withdrawal seem to be unknown.
Gallery
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Hericium erinaceus.JPG
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Hericium erinaceus 2.JPG
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Igelstachelbart, Hericium erinaceus.jpg
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Hericium erinaceum on an old tree in Shave Wood, New Forest - geograph.org.uk - 254892.jpg
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hericium erinaceus. |
See also
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />External links
- Hericium erinaceus in Index Fungorum
- Hericium erinaceus (bearded tooth) - Kew Gardens
- Hericium erinaceus at mushroomexpert.com
- Hericium erinaceus - photos
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- ↑ Bioactive Substances in YAMABUSHITAKE, the Hericium erinaceum, Fungus, and its Medicinal Utilization, Takashi Mizuno, Shizuoka University.
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- ↑ Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Following Crush Injury to Rat Peroneal Nerve by Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), Kah-Hui Wong, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
