Help:IPA for West Frisian
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents West Frisian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See West Frisian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of West Frisian.
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Notes
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- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 The syllable-final (and also word-final) voiceless obstruents [p, t, k, f, s, x] are voiced to [b, d, ɡ, v, z, ɣ] when the next syllable (including the next word) begins with a voiced stop and, in case of the fricatives [f, s, x], also when the next word begins with a vowel (Tiersma (1999:24)).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 [ɡ] and [ɣ] are allophones of a single phoneme /ɣ/. The plosive [ɡ] appears word-initially and syllable-initially (the latter only when stressed), whereas the fricative [ɣ] occurs elsewhere (Hoekstra (2001:86), Sipma (1913:15, 17)).
- ↑ In most dialects, /h/ is deleted before [j] and [w] (Tiersma (1999:22)).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The syllabic nasals [m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] are all phonemically /ən/, whereas the syllabic [l̩, r̩] are phonemically /əl, ər/. To read about their exact distribution, see e.g. Sipma (1913:36). The only sonorants that cannot be syllabic are [ʋ, j].
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Apart from being the phonetic realization of the phonemes /m, ŋ/, [m, ŋ] occur as allophones of /n/ before, respectively, bilabial and velar consonants (Tiersma (1999:24)).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Word-final /b, d/ are realized as voiceless [p, t] in all dialects except Amelansk (van der Veen (2001:104)). Note, however, that final /b/ is rare (Tiersma (1999:21)), and that in loanwords from Standard Dutch, final /ɣ/ can also appear, and is also devoiced to [x].
- ↑ /r/ is silent before other alveolar consonants, i.e. /n, t, d, s, z, l/ (Tiersma (1999:28–29), Keil (2003:8)). An exception to this rule are recent loanwords from Standard Dutch (e.g. sport), which may or may not be pronounced with [r] (Tiersma (1999:29)).
- ↑ Intervocalic ⟨d⟩, as well as the sequence ⟨rd⟩ are often rhotacized to /r/ (Tiersma (1999:21)).
- ↑ In various pronouns and function words, the initial /d/ becomes voiceless [t] when a voiceless obstruent ends the preceding word (Tiersma (1999:24)).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Both [ʋ] and [v] can be regarded as allophones of a single phoneme /v/. The approximant [ʋ] appears word-initially, whereas the fricative [v] occurs elsewhere (Keil (2003:7)).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Among fricatives, neither the voiced /v, z/ nor the voiceless /x/ can occur word-initially (Sipma (1913:16–17)).
- ↑ When a sequence of any vowel and /n/ occurs before any continuant besides /h/ (that is, /f, v, ʋ, s, z, r, l, j/), it is realized as a nasalized vowel. When the following consonant is /s/, such a nasalized vowel is also lengthened (but only in stressed syllables (Hoekstra (2001:86))), so that e.g. jûns (phonemically /juns/) is pronounced [jũːs], whereas prins (phonemically /prɪns/) is pronounced [prẽːs]. One exception to this lengthening rule is that when a short vowel precedes the sequence /nst/ in the second person singular verb form (as in winst [ʋɪ̃st]), it is kept short by most speakers (Tiersma (1999:13)). It is unclear whether the lengthened short monophthongs /ɪ, ø/ (/o/ cannot be lenghtened) are phonetically long monophthongs or diphthongs (as it is the case with the oral /eː, øː/), hence the transcription [prẽːs] rather than [prẽɪ̃s].
- ↑ /ɑː/ has a phonemic status in the Aastersk dialect (van der Veen (2001:102)).
- ↑ /ɪː/ has a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers dialect (van der Veen (2001:102)).
- ↑ [øː] is the Hindeloopers realization of /øː/. In other dialects, /øː/ is commonly slightly diphthongal [øʏ] (van der Veen (2001:102)).
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 The open-mid front rounded vowels /œ, œː/ have a phonemic status in the Hindeloopers and Súdwesthoeksk dialects, but not in the standard language (Hoekstra (2001:83), van der Veen (2001:102)).
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 [ɵ] and [ɞ] are the southwestern realizations of, respectively, /wo/ and /wa/ (Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)).
- ↑ [ɔi] is a dialectal realization of /ai/ (Booij (1989:319)).
- ↑ In some dialects, /ui/ and /uːi/ are distinct phonemes. In the standard language, however, only /ui/ appears (Tiersma (1999:12)).
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 The long close rounded vowels /uː, yː/ do not appear in the dialect of Ljouwert (van der Veen (2001:102)).
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Even though they pattern with monophthongs, the long close-mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are often realized as narrow closing diphthongs ((Visser (1997:22–23), Tiersma (1999:10–11))), and that is how we transcribe them here.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.9 The falling diphthongs [iə, ɪə, oə, uə, yə] alternate with the rising diphthongs [ji, jɛ, wa, wo, jø] in the phenomenon called breaking. The [yə−jø] alternation occurs only in the word pair sluere−slurkje (Booij (1989:319)).
