Coconut milk

Coconut milk

Origin
Region or state	Tropical region
Details
Main ingredient(s)	Coconut

Coconut milk is the liquid that comes from the grated meat of a brown coconut. It should not be confused with coconut water. The color and rich taste of coconut milk can be attributed to the high oil content. Most of the fat is saturated fat. Coconut milk is a very popular food ingredient used in Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southern China, the Caribbean and north of South America.

Preparation

The traditional method of grating coconut flesh to acquire fresh coconut milk

Traditionally, coconut milk is acquired through the grating of the white inner flesh of a brown coconut, and mixing the resulting substance with a small amount of water to suspend the fat present in the grated meat. The grating process itself can be carried out manually or with a more modern grating machine. Several grades of coconut milk exist: from 'thick' at 20-22% fat to 'thin' at 5-7%. Thick milk is prepared by directly squeezing grated coconut meat through cheesecloth. The squeezed coconut meat is then soaked in water and squeezed further to produce thin coconut milk. Thick milk is mainly used to make desserts, as well as rich and dry sauces. Thin milk is used for soups and general cooking. This distinction is usually not made in Western nations, since fresh coconut milk is rare, and most consumers buy coconut milk in cans.

Coconut water is the watery liquid that usually comes from the young, still immature green coconut, although mature coconuts also have coconut water. The still jelly-like coconut meat is often added to coconut water to make a tropical drink.

Coconut milk can be made at home by processing grated coconut with hot water or milk, which extracts the oil and aromatic compounds. It has then a fat content of 17-24% depending on the fat level of the coconut meat and the quantity of added water. When refrigerated and left to set, coconut cream will rise to the top and separate out from the milk. To avoid this in commercial coconut milk, an emulsifier and a stabiliser have to be used.

Canned coconut milk

Canned coconut milk

Manufacturers of canned coconut milk typically combine thin and thick milk, with the addition of water as a filler. An official world standard can be found at Codex Alimentarius, STAN 240-2003.

Depending on the brand and age of the milk itself, a thicker, more paste-like consistency floats to the top of the can, and is sometimes separated and used in recipes that require coconut cream rather than coconut milk. Shaking the can prior to opening will even it out to a creamy thickness. Some brands sold in Western countries add thickening agents and/or emulsifiers to prevent the milk from separating inside the can, since the separation tends to be misinterpreted as an indicator of spoilage by people unfamiliar with coconut milk.

Once opened, cans of coconut milk must be refrigerated and are usually only good for a few days. If not, the milk can sour and spoil easily.

Cuisine

In food

Coconut milk and rice flour batter being poured into a frying pan to make serabi in Lombok, Indonesia.

Fresh coconut milk has a consistency and mildly sweet taste similar to that of cow's milk, and if properly prepared, should have little or no coconut odour. It may be consumed raw by itself, or used as a milk substitute in tea, coffee, or baking by vegans or people allergic to animal milk. It can also be mixed with fruit to make a yoghurt substitute.

Coconut milk is a common ingredient in many tropical cuisines, such as Burmese, Cambodian, Filipino, Indian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Singaporean, Sri Lankan, Thai, Vietnamese, Peranakan and southern Chinese, as well as Brazilian, Caribbean, Polynesian, and Pacific islands cuisines.

Coconut milk is an ingredient in some curries. Frozen coconut milk tends to stay fresh longer, which is important in dishes in which the coconut flavor is not competing with curries and other spicy dishes. Coconut milk is the base of many Indonesian, Malaysian, Sri Lankan and Thai curries. To make the curry sauce, the coconut milk is first cooked over fairly high heat to break down the milk and cream and allow the oil to separate. The curry paste is then added, along with any other seasonings, meats, vegetables, or garnishes.

Coconut rice is the example of popular rice cooked in coconut milk commonly found around tropics, from Southeast Asia to Caribbean. Nasi lemak is a popular Malaysian version of coconut rice, while the Indonesian Javanese version is called nasi liwet. In Indonesia, coconut milk and rice flour are the main ingredients for traditional serabi pancakes.

In Brazil, coconut milk is mostly used in the northeastern cuisine, generally with seafood stews, and in desserts. In particular, several dishes from Bahia are known to use both coconut milk and palm oil.

In Colombia and Panama, the grated flesh of coconut, plus coconut milk extracted from it, is fried with coconut water and sugar in its own oil. The concentrated residue is called titoté, which incorporates little brown bits of dried coconut. Coconut rice made with titoté is brown in color and has a sweet, particular taste.

In Venezuela, it is common mainly in Zulia state, where meat dishes are prepared with coconut milk (called "in coconut"). When are prepared with shredded fish, it is given the name mojito en coco.Coconut milk is used to make majarete, a typical Venezuelan dessert, and coconut rice, arroz con coco (not to be confused with coconut rice on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, this is a dessert, and very different).

In drink

Cendol, a green jelly drink in iced coconut milk and palm sugar

In Southeast Asia, a widely popular iced drink called cendol is made, where chilled coconut milk is added with green jellies made of rice flour and sweetened with liquid thick palm sugar. Coconut milk is often used in traditional hot drinks, such as bandrek and bajigur from West Java, Indonesia.

In southern China and Taiwan, sweetened "thin" coconut milk is served on its own as a beverage during spring and summer. It is made by adding sugar and evaporated or fresh milk during the process of preparing the coconut milk. Another Chinese drink is coconut milk diluted with water, then mixed with fresh or evaporated milk in a 1:1 ratio and a spoon of condensed milk or sugar for each cup. They are served chilled.

In Brazil, coconut milk is mixed with sugar and cachaça to make a cocktail called batida de côco.

In Puerto Rico, the national beverage is the piña colada, which typically contains coconut milk or coconut cream. The official Puerto Rican Christmastime drink is coquito, an eggnog-like rum and coconut milk-based homemade beverage.

In Rennell Island, Solomon Islands, local home-brew is made by fermenting coconut milk, yeast, and sugar in a bin and leaving it hidden in the bush for about a week. This coconut rum is mentioned in the song "Poppa Joe" by The Sweet.

Health effects

coconut milk, canned, 20-22% fat level

Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy	824 kJ (197 kcal)
Carbohydrates	2.81 g
Fat	21.33 g
Saturated	18.915 g
Monounsaturated	0.907 g
Polyunsaturated	0.233 g
Protein	2.02 g
Vitamins
Vitamin C	(1%) 1 mg
Minerals
Calcium	(2%) 18 mg
Iron	(25%) 3.30 mg
Magnesium	(13%) 46 mg
Phosphorus	(14%) 96 mg
Potassium	(5%) 220 mg
Sodium	(1%) 13 mg
Zinc	(6%) 0.56 mg
Other constituents
Water	72.88 g
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

One of the most prominent components of coconut milk is coconut oil, which the United States Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organization, International College of Nutrition, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, American Dietetic Association, American Heart Association, British National Health Service, and Dietitians of Canada recommend against consuming in significant amounts due to its high levels of saturated fat.

Coconut milk contains a large proportion of lauric acid, a saturated fat that raises blood cholesterol levels by increasing the amount of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol that is also found in significant amounts in breast milk and sebaceous gland secretions.

Coconut milk is rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which the body processes differently from other saturated fats. If MCFAs are used in a diet to replace long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) such as animal fats they may help promote weight maintenance without raising cholesterol levels.

Horticulture

In 1943, Johannes van Overbeek discovered that coconut milk actively encourages plant growth. This was later discovered to be due to a number of factors, but predominantly the existence in the milk of a cytokinin known as zeatin. It does not speed up growth in some plants such as radishes. The addition of 10% coconut milk to the substrate in which wheat is grown has shown substantial improvements in yield.

See also

• Coconut water
• Coconut oil
• Coconut cream
• Creamed coconut
• Ginataan
• Plant milk
• List of dishes using coconut milk

External links

• Media related to Coconut milk at Wikimedia Commons