Climate of Adelaide
Adelaide has a hot Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa),[1] with mild winters with moderate rainfall and hot, dry summers.[2]
In summer (December to February) the average maximum is around 29 °C (84 °F), but there is considerable variation and Adelaide can usually expect several days a year when the daytime temperature is 39 °C (102 °F) and there is generally two or more days in which the maximum is 40 °C (104 °F) or slightly above. In winter (June to August) the average maximum is around 15–16 °C (59–61 °F) and the average minimum around 7–8 °C (45–46 °F). Frosts are common in the valleys of the Adelaide Hills, but rare elsewhere, with the most notable occurrences having occurred in July 1908 and July 1982. In winter, Adelaide experiences quite a significant wind chill, which makes the apparent temperature seem lower than it actually is.
Adelaide is the driest of the Australian capital cities and the past two decades have been far warmer than usual, with the past 8 years seeing an excess of 40+ degrees every summer. Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer. The average in January and February is around 20 millimetres (0.8 inches), but completely rainless months are by no means uncommon, and in 1893 sixty-nine days passed without measurable rainfall. In contrast, the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. Alarmingly, the city has also recorded almost 10 consecutive years of below average Spring rainfall, with 2014 on track to continuing this trend.
A spike in heat waves, droughts and record breaking high temperatures over the past decade has led to some concerns over the effects of global warming and man-made climate change on the city.[3][4][5] Nine of the 10 warmest years ever recorded in Adelaide have occurred since 2002, with 2013 being the hottest year ever.[6]
Contents
- 1 Climate data and extremes
- 2 Extreme summer weather events: heatwaves, bushfires, droughts (2008-2015)
- 2.1 March 2008 heatwave
- 2.2 January–February 2009 heatwave
- 2.3 November 2009 heatwave
- 2.4 Summer 2013-2014 heatwave
- 2.5 Autumn 2014: Warmest Adelaide autumn on record
- 2.6 2015 Sampson Flat bushfires
- 2.7 October 2015: hottest October on record
- 2.8 December 2015: 5 consecutive days over 35 degrees and second heatwave for the summer
- 3 See also
- 4 References
Climate data and extremes
| Climate data for Adelaide (Kent Town, 1977–2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 45.7 (114.3) |
44.3 (111.7) |
41.9 (107.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
39.0 (102.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
42.5 (108.5) |
45.7 (114.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.9 (66) |
16.1 (61) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
17.2 (63) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
8.2 (46.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.2 (54) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.2 (45) |
4.3 (39.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
1.6 (34.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 19.0 (0.748) |
13.5 (0.531) |
27.2 (1.071) |
39.6 (1.559) |
59.9 (2.358) |
79.3 (3.122) |
75.9 (2.988) |
69.2 (2.724) |
58.7 (2.311) |
42.8 (1.685) |
30.2 (1.189) |
28.6 (1.126) |
544.9 (21.453) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 4.4 | 3.6 | 5.8 | 8.0 | 12.1 | 14.9 | 16.3 | 16.6 | 13.4 | 10.2 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 120.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 36 | 36 | 41 | 47 | 55 | 61 | 60 | 55 | 51 | 45 | 40 | 39 | 47 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 325.5 | 285.3 | 266.6 | 219.0 | 167.4 | 138.0 | 148.8 | 186.0 | 204.0 | 257.3 | 273.0 | 294.5 | 2,765.4 |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology [7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Adelaide Airport (1981-2014) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 44.1 (111.4) |
43.6 (110.5) |
40.8 (105.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
30.4 (86.7) |
26.1 (79) |
25.9 (78.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.9 (93) |
38.0 (100.4) |
43.1 (109.6) |
42.4 (108.3) |
44.1 (111.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.1 (82.6) |
28.1 (82.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
22.2 (72) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.9 (75) |
25.7 (78.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) |
16.1 (61) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
8.9 (48) |
10.6 (51.1) |
12.8 (55) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) |
8.1 (46.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−1.1 (30) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
1.1 (34) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 17.3 (0.681) |
18.1 (0.713) |
22.1 (0.87) |
35.5 (1.398) |
54.0 (2.126) |
56.6 (2.228) |
59.5 (2.343) |
50.5 (1.988) |
45.5 (1.791) |
37.2 (1.465) |
24.8 (0.976) |
23.8 (0.937) |
444.8 (17.512) |
| Average rainy days | 4.6 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 8.5 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 13.0 | 10.4 | 7.7 | 6.8 | 118.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 325.5 | 280 | 269.7 | 219 | 173.6 | 141 | 155 | 192.2 | 213 | 260.4 | 279 | 288.3 | 2,796.7 |
| Source: Bureau of Meteorology [8] | |||||||||||||
Recorded extremes (records from West Tce weather station 1839-1977 & Kent Town weather station 1977–present):
- Hottest temperature: 46.1 °C (115.0 °F), 12 January 1939
- Coldest temperature: −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), 8 June 1982
- Hottest Minimum: 33.9 °C (93.0 °F), 29 January 2009
- Coldest Maximum: 8.3 °C (46.9 °F), 29 June 1922
- Wettest month: 217.9 mm (8.58 in), June 1916
- Wettest 24 hours: 141.5 mm (5.57 in), 7 February 1925
Extreme summer weather events: heatwaves, bushfires, droughts (2008-2015)
March 2008 heatwave
Between 3 March and 17 March 2008 Adelaide recorded 15 consecutive days of 35 °C (95 °F) or above, and 13 consecutive days of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) or above — both records for an Australian capital city. (The record number of consecutive days of 37.8 °C or above in any Australian city is held by Marble Bar in Western Australia, which experienced 160 consecutive days in 1923–24.)
January–February 2009 heatwave
During January and February 2009 Adelaide was affected by the early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave. The heatwave broke numerous records and affected all of south-eastern Australia, including Melbourne, another southern Australian city, where some outdoor games were cancelled during the 2009 Australian Open.
The heatwave commenced in Adelaide on 26 January 2009 (Australia Day), with a temperature of 36.6 °C (98 °F). From 27 January the temperature soared above 40 °C (104 °F) degrees for 6 consecutive days, until 2 February where the temperature dropped to 38.8 °C (102 °F). This is the longest straight run of 40C temperatures in Adelaide. On 28 January, the third day into the heatwave, the temperature reached 45.7 °C (114 °F), making it the 3rd hottest day on record in Adelaide. On that same night, the temperature only dipped to 33.9 °C (93 °F), making it the highest minimum temperature on record in South Australia ( since surpassed ). The maximum temperatures stayed higher than 30C for another six days, including two more 40C plus days (6 and 7 February) until dropping back to 24.8C on 8 February 2009.
November 2009 heatwave
In November 2009 Adelaide was affected by the late 2009 southeastern Australia heatwave which occurred in the states of South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Daily maximum temperatures during the heat wave were roughly 10 °C (18 °F) above average in many locations. Capital cities Adelaide and Melbourne recorded temperatures over 40 °C (104 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F) respectively, which are unusual for November. Above average temperatures in the region began in late October and persisted until mid-November 2009.
Temperature records for November in Adelaide set during the heatwave:
- 10 consecutive days over 30 °C (86 °F).
- 8 consecutive days over 35 °C (95 °F) – new record set on 13 November, breaking the previous record of 4 consecutive days, which was set in 1894.[9]
- 6 consecutive days over 38 °C (100 °F) – breaking the previous record of 3 consecutive days, which was set in 1888, 1922 and 1984.[10]
- Hottest November day – 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) on 19 November 2009 at 4:32pm ACDT, breaking the previous record of 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) set on 13 November 1993.[11]
Summer 2013-2014 heatwave
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The summer of 2013-14 was the second hottest on record.[12] Records for Adelaide set during the 2013-2014 summer heatwave (beginning in December) include:[13]
- Hottest February day – 44.7 °C (112.5 °F) on 2 February 2014.
- Record number of days exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) during the summer months (December, January and February) – 13 so far.
- Record number of days exceeding 42 °C (108 °F) during a calendar year - 9 so far.
- Record number of consecutive days exceeding 42 °C (108 °F) – 5.
Autumn 2014: Warmest Adelaide autumn on record
Autumn 2014 was the fourth warmest on record in South Australia,[14] and included a record run of 16 consecutive days in May with maximum temperatures over 20 °C within the city and metro areas, making it Adelaide's hottest autumn ever.[15][16]
2015 Sampson Flat bushfires
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On 2 January 2015, after a day of extreme heat (a maximum temperature of 44.1 °C (111.4 °F)), a bushfire began burning in Sampson Flat, South Australia which then spread towards the outer northern suburbs of Adelaide, toward Greenwith and Golden Grove.[17] As the fire continued to burn out of control on 3 January 2015, it had posed the risk of spreading further into Adelaide's metropolitan area, with 27 homes destroyed.[18] The temperature for 3 January offered no avail to the fires, as it continued to hover in the low 40s. Despite beginning the month with several hot days, in 2015 Adelaide recorded its lowest January average temperature in over 10 years.[19]
October 2015: hottest October on record
October 2015 in Adelaide was the warmest on record for the city, continuing the trend of record breaking heat in the 2010s.[20] The temperature was approximately 5 °C (9.0 °F) degrees above the long term average.[21] Rainfall was also scarce for the month.[20]
December 2015: 5 consecutive days over 35 degrees and second heatwave for the summer
In early December, Adelaide experienced its hottest December night since 1897 and another heatwave–the temperature did not drop below 33 °C (91 °F) until 4am on 7 December.[22]
Following one of Adelaide's hottest nights on record, in mid December 2015, temperatures were forecasted to be above 35 °C (95 °F) for five consecutive days starting on 14 December, the third most days over 35 °C (95 °F) in Adelaide's recorded history. This continues the trend that Adelaide has experienced since the early 2000s of summer heat exceeding maximum temperatures and breaking records. Furthermore, it is Adelaide's fifth summer heatwave in six years.
See also
References
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- ↑ Griffin, T. & McCaskill, M. (Editors, 1986): Atlas of South Australia. South Australian Government Printing Division in association with Wakefield Press on behalf of the South Australia Jubilee 150 Board, Adelaide. ISBN 0 7243 4688 0
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- ↑ Bureau of Metereology says heavy rains on way across South Australia on Friday, after scorching heat, The Australian, 12 February 2014
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- ↑ Bureau of Metereology says heavy rains on way across South Australia on Friday, after scorching heat, The Australian, 12 February 2014
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ BoM: Adelaide Metro & Hills in May 2014: A warm end to autumn Accessed 5 June 2014.
- ↑ BoM: Special Climate Statement 49 – an exceptionally prolonged autumn warm spell over much of Australia 4 June 2014. Accessed 5 June 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Adelaide has mildest January in more than 10 years: weather bureau ABC News, 1 Feb 2015. Accessed 6 March 2015.
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