Chelys
The chelys (Greek: χέλυς, Latin: testudo), was a stringed musical instrument, the common lyre of the ancient Greeks, which had a convex back of tortoiseshell or of wood shaped like the shell. The word chelys was used in allusion to the oldest lyre of the Greeks, which was said to have been invented by Hermes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (475) he was attracted by sounds of music while walking on the banks of the Nile, and found they proceeded from the shell of a tortoise across which were stretched tendons which the wind had set in vibration.[1]
The word has been applied arbitrarily since classic times to various stringed instruments, some bowed and some twanged, probably owing to the back being much vaulted. Athanasius Kircher (Musurgia universalis, 486) applied the name of chelys to a kind of viol with eight strings. Numerous representations of the chelys lyre or testudo occur on Greek vases, in which the actual tortoiseshell is depicted. A good illustration is given in Le Antichità di Ercolano (vol. i. p1. 43).[2] Propertius (iv. 6) calls the instrument the lyra testudinea. Joseph Justus Scaliger[3] was probably the first writer to draw attention to the difference between the chelys and the kithara.[1]
The acoustics of an authentically reconstructed ancient Greek tortoise-shell lyre, known as chelys, was investigated recently.[4] Modern experimental methods were employed, such as electronic speckle pattern laser interferometry and impulse response, to extract the vibrational behavior of the instrument and its main parts. Additionally, the emitted sound from the instrument was recorded, under controlled conditions, and spectrally analyzed. Major findings include the concentration of the emitted sound between 400 Hz and 800 Hz, with an amplitude modified in a manner consistent with the experimentally measured vibrational characteristics of the instrument’s sound box and bridge. The experimental results validate the historical evidence that chelys was used in Greek antiquity as an accompaniment instrument to the human voice.
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schlesinger 1911, p. 26.
- ↑ The ancient Roman site of Herculaneum is preserved from the 1st century AD. At Herculaneum a wall painting contains a painting of a chelys lyre. The painting is re-depicted in the book Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte (the Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed), volume 1 page 43, year 1757: ONLINE. A picture of a modern replica of an ancient chelys lyre is at the website of The British Museum.
- ↑ Scaliger, introductory notes to his edition of Marcus Manilius, Astronomicon, 1579.
- ↑ E. Bakarezos, V. Vathis, S. Brezas, Y. Orphanos and N.A. Papadogiannis, “Acoustics of the Chelys - An ancient Greek tortoise-shell lyre” Applied Acoustics 73, 478 (2012)
References
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