Arini (tribe)
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| Blue-and-yellow macaw | |
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Arini
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Cyanoliseus |
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The Arini tribe of the neotropical parrots is a monophyletic clade of macaws and parakeets (commonly called conures in aviculture) characterized by colorful plumage and long, tapering tails. They occur throughout Mexico, Central America, and South America, and formerly the Caribbean and North America. One genus and several species are extinct; another genus is extinct in the wild. Two species are known only through subfossil remains. About a dozen hypothetical extinct species (see Extinct Caribbean macaws) have been described, native to the Caribbean area. [1][2] Among the Arini are some of the rarest birds in the world, such as Spix's macaw which is extinct in the wild - fewer than 100 specimens survive in captivity. It also contains the largest flighted parrot in the world, the hyacinth macaw.
Molecular studies have dated the divergence of the Arini tribe from the ancestral neotropical parrots to late in the Paleogene period about 30-35 million years ago.
Contents
Taxonomy
The Arini are one of three recognized clades in subfamily Arinae of neotropical parrots in the family Psittacidae of Afrotropical and neotropical parrots, one of three families of true parrots.
- Genus Anodorhynchus
- Hyacinth macaw, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
- Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari
- Glaucous macaw, Anodorhynchus glaucus (probably extinct)
- Genus Cyanopsitta
- Spix's macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii (probably extinct in the wild)
- Genus Ara
- Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna
- Blue-throated macaw, Ara glaucogularis
- Military macaw, Ara militaris
- Great green macaw, Ara ambiguus
- Scarlet macaw, Ara macao
- Red-and-green (green-winged) macaw, Ara chloroptera
- Cuban red macaw, Ara tricolor (extinct)
- Red-fronted macaw, Ara rubrogenys
- Chestnut-fronted macaw, Ara severa
- Saint Croix macaw, Ara autocthones (extinct)
- Genus Orthopsittaca
- Red-bellied macaw, Orthopsittaca manilatus
- Genus Primolius (formerly Propyrrhura)
- Blue-headed macaw, Primolius couloni
- Blue-winged macaw, Primolius maracana
- Golden-collared macaw, Primolius auricollis
- Genus Diopsittaca
- Red-shouldered macaw, Diopsittaca nobilis
- Genus Rhynchopsitta
- Thick-billed parrot, Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
- Maroon-fronted parrot, Rhynchopsitta terrisi
- Genus Ognorhynchus
- Yellow-eared parrot, Ognorhynchus icterotis
- Genus Guaruba
- Golden parakeet, Guaruba guarouba
- Genus Leptosittaca
- Golden-plumed parakeet, Leptosittaca branickii
- Genus Conuropsis
- Carolina parakeet, Conuropsis carolinensis (extinct)
- Conuropsis fratercula (extinct, proposed genus Conuropsis contested, known from subfossil remains)
- Genus Psittacara
- Green parakeet, Psittacara holochlora
- Socorro parakeet, Psittacara brevipes
- Red-throated parakeet, Psittacara rubritorquis
- Pacific parakeet, Psittacara strenuus
- Scarlet-fronted parakeet, Psittacara wagleri
- Mitred parakeet, Psittacara mitrata
- Chapman's parakeet, Psittacara (mitrata) alticola (proposed as monotypic species)
- Hocking's parakeet, Psittacara hockingi (possible new species first described in 2006)
- Red-masked parakeet, Psittacara erythrogenys
- Crimson-fronted parakeet, Psittacara finschi
- White-eyed parakeet, Psittacara leucophthalmus
- Cuban parakeet, Psittacara euops
- Guadeloupe parakeet, Psittacara labati (extinct)
- Hispaniolan parakeet, Psittacara chloroptera
- Genus Aratinga
- Sun parakeet, Aratinga solstitialis
- Sulphur-breasted parakeet, Aratinga maculata
- Jandaya parakeet, Aratinga jandaya
- Golden-capped parakeet, Aratinga auricapilla
- Nanday parakeet, Aratinga nenday
- Dusky-headed parakeet, Aratinga weddellii
- Genus Eupsittula
- Brown-throated parakeet, Eupsittula pertinax
- Olive-throated parakeet, Eupsittula nana
- Orange-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula canicularis
- Peach-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula aurea
- Cactus (Caatinga) parakeet, Eupsittula cactorum
- Genus Thectocercus
- Blue-crowned parakeet, Thectocercus acuticaudatus
- Genus Cyanoliseus
- Burrowing parakeet, Cyanoliseus patagonus
- Genus Pyrrhura
- Ochre-marked parakeet, Pyrrhura cruentata
- Maroon-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura frontalis
- Blaze-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura devillei
- Crimson-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura perlata (formerly P. rhodogaster)
- Pearly parakeet, Pyrrhura lepida (formerly P. perlata)
- Green-cheeked parakeet, Pyrrhura molinae
- Painted parakeet, Pyrrhura picta
- Sinú parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) subandina (possibly extinct)
- Todd's (Perijá) parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) caeruleiceps
- Azuero parakeet, Pyrrhura (picta) eisenmanni
- Venezuelan parakeet, Pyrrhura emma (traditionally a subspecies of P. leucotis)
- Santarém parakeet, Pyrrhura amazonum (traditionally a subspecies of P. picta)
- Madeira parakeet, Pyrrhura (amazonum) snethlageae
- Bonaparte's parakeet, Pyrrhura lucianii (traditionally a subspecies of P. picta)
- Rose-fronted parakeet or red-crowned parakeet, Pyrrhura roseifrons (traditionally a subspecies of P. picta)
- Wavy-breasted parakeet, Pyrrhura (roseifrons) peruviana
- White-eared (maroon-faced) parakeet, Pyrrhura leucotis
- Grey-breasted parakeet, Pyrrhura griseipectus
- Pfrimer's parakeet, Pyrrhura pfrimeri (traditionally a subspecies of P. leucotis)
- Fiery-shouldered parakeet, Pyrrhura egregia
- Santa Marta parakeet, Pyrrhura viridicata
- Maroon-tailed parakeet, Pyrrhura melanura
- El Oro parakeet, Pyrrhura orcesi
- Black-capped (rock) parakeet, Pyrrhura rupicola
- White-necked parakeet, Pyrrhura albipectus
- Flame-winged (brown-breasted) parakeet, Pyrrhura calliptera
- Blood-eared parakeet, Pyrrhura hoematotis
- Rose-headed (rose-crowned) parakeet, Pyrrhura rhodocephala
- Sulphur-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura hoffmanni
- Genus Enicognathus
- Austral parakeet, Enicognathus ferrugineus
- Slender-billed parakeet, Enicognathus leptorhynchus
