Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alpha Proteobacteria
Order:	Rhizobiales
Family:	Rhizobiaceae
Genus:	Agrobacterium
Species:	A. rhizogenes
Binomial name
Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Conn 1942

Agrobacterium rhizogenes (updated scientific name: Rhizobium rhizogenes) is a Gram negative soil bacterium that produces hairy root disease in dicotyledonous plants. A. rhizogenes induces the formation of proliferative multi-branched adventitious roots at the site of infection; so called 'hairy roots'

In the rhizosphere, plants may suffer from wounds by soil pathogens or other sources. This leads to the secretion of phenolic compounds like acetosyringone which have chemotactic effects that attract the bacteria. Under such conditions, certain bacterial genes are turned on leading to the transfer of its T-DNA from its root inducing plasmid (Ri plasmid) into the plant through the wound. After integration and expression, in vitro or under natural conditions, the hairy root phenotype is observed, which typically includes overdevelopment of a root system that is not completely geotropic, and altered (wrinkled) leaf morphology, if leaves are present.

Bacterial genes may be retained within the plant.

The hairy roots are grown in vitro in bioreactors to study their soil interaction with other pathogens like fungi and nematodes. This technique has also led to the commercial production of certain metabolic compounds that the plant is known to secrete, especially in regard to the medicinal plants that are difficult to cultivate in sufficient quantities by other means. The root cultures are also used for genetic engineering.