William Woods Holden

For other people named William Holden, see William Holden (disambiguation).

William Woods Holden
38th and 40th Governor of North Carolina
In office July 1, 1868 – March 22, 1871
Lieutenant	Tod R. Caldwell
Preceded by	Jonathan Worth
Succeeded by	Tod R. Caldwell
In office May 29, 1865 – December 15, 1865
Appointed by	Andrew Johnson
Preceded by	Zebulon B. Vance
Succeeded by	Jonathan Worth
Personal details
Born	(1818-11-24)November 24, 1818
Died
Nationality	United States
Political party	Republican (1866 onward) National Unionist (1865-1866) Democratic (1843-1865) Whig (1841-1843)
Occupation	Lawyer, Journalist

William Woods Holden (November 24, 1818 – March 1, 1892) was the 38th and 40th Governor of North Carolina, who was appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1865 for a brief term, and then elected in 1868, serving until 1871. He was the leader of the state's Republican Party during Reconstruction.

Holden was the second governor in American history to be impeached, and the first to be removed from office. He is the only North Carolina governor to have been impeached. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate.

Early years

Holden was born and raised near what is now Eno River State Park in present-day Orange County. At age of 10, he began a six-year apprenticeship with Dennis Heartt at the Hillsborough Recorder newspaper (in Hillsborough, North Carolina). By age 19, Holden was working as a printer and writer at the Raleigh Star, in Raleigh, North Carolina. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became a member of the Whig party. In 1843, he became owner and editor of the North Carolina Standard, changing its party affiliation to the Democratic party. When Holden took over the newspaper, it was struggling financially. Under his leadership, it became one of the most widely read newspapers in the state.

Political career

In December 1843, Holden began his Democratic Party activism as a delegate to the state party convention, where he was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party state executive committee. In 1846, Holden was elected by Wake County voters to the North Carolina House of Commons. He did not run for re-election after serving one term. As the "eloquent propagandist" of the Democratic Party, Holden was a key contributor to his party's successes in 1850, which ended years of Whig dominance in the state. By 1858, he was chairman of the state party. That year, he unsuccessfully attempted to gain the Democratic gubernatorial nomination (losing to John W. Ellis), and then his party passed him over for a U.S. Senate seat.

Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, Holden advocated Southern rights to expand slavery and at times championed the right of secession, but by 1860 he had shifted his position to support the Union. Holden and his newspaper fell out of favor with the state Democratic Party, and he was removed as the state's printer, when he cautiously editorialized against secession in 1860.

In 1861, Holden was sent to a State Convention to vote against secession by the voters of Wake County. After President Abraham Lincoln called on North Carolina to provide troops to militarily suppress the seceding states, however, Holden joined in the unanimous vote to secede from the Union.

As the Civil War progressed, Holden became an outspoken critic of the Confederate government, and also a leader of the North Carolina peace movement. In 1864, he was the unsuccessful "peace candidate" against incumbent Governor Zebulon B. Vance. Vance won overwhelmingly, and Holden carried only three counties: Johnston, Randolph, and Wilkes.

On May 29, 1865, Holden was appointed Governor by President Andrew Johnson. He played a central role in stabilizing the state during the early days of Reconstruction (he placed the Standard in the hands of his son, Joseph W. Holden). He was defeated by Jonathan Worth in a special 1865 election for governor.

Johnson nominated Holden to be minister to El Salvador, but the Senate rejected his nomination. He returned to editing the Standard, became president of the North Carolina Union League, and organized the Republican Party in the state in 1866–67.

Governor

Main article: Kirk-Holden war

Address to the Colored People of North Carolina. Broadside published December 1870 signed by 17 state legislators warning of consequences of removal from office of Governor Holden

While voters were approving the new state constitution, Holden was elected governor at the head of the Republican ticket in 1868, defeating Thomas Samuel Ashe. When he was elected governor, Holden gave up editorship and ownership of the Standard.

To combat the Ku Klux Klan, Holden hired two dozen detectives in 1869–70. The detective unit was not overly successful in limiting Klan activities, but Holden's efforts to suppress the Klan exceeded those of other Southern governors. With new powers granted to him by the State Legislature under the 1870 Shoffner Act, he called out the militia against the Klan in 1870, imposed martial law in two counties, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus for accused leaders of the Klan in what became known as the Kirk-Holden war. The result was a political backlash, accompanied by violence at the time of the election to suppress the black vote. The Republicans lost the legislative election.

After the Democratic Party regained majorities in both houses of the state legislature in 1870, Governor Holden was impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives on December 14, 1870. Despite being defended by well-known attorneys such as Nathaniel Boyden and William Nathan Harrell Smith, he was convicted on six of the eight charges against him by the Democrats of the North Carolina Senate in straight party-line votes on March 22, 1871. Holden's son-in-law, Sen. Lewis P. Olds, was among those who voted against removal. The other two charges received majority votes, but not the required two-thirds majorities.

The main charges against Holden were related to the rough treatment and arrests of North Carolina citizens by state militia officer Col. George W. Kirk during the enforcement of Reconstruction civil rights legislation. Holden had formed the state militia to respond to the assassination of Republican senator John W. Stephens on May 21, 1870, and the lynching of Wyatt Outlaw, an African American police officer in the town of Graham in Alamance County, as well as numerous attacks by the Ku Klux Klan.

Holden was the first governor in American history to be impeached, convicted, and removed from office. Gov. Charles L. Robinson of Kansas was the first American governor to be impeached, however, without conviction and removal. In 2011, Holden was posthumously pardoned by the North Carolina Senate in a 48-0 vote.

Later life

After his removal from office, Holden moved to Washington, D.C., where he resumed work on a newspaper. He returned to Raleigh when President Ulysses Grant appointed him as postmaster, serving from 1873 to 1881. Raleigh Republicans persuaded President James Garfield not to re-appoint him to his post, and Holden subsequently left the party.

Holden died in 1892 and is buried at Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh. He was recognized as "one of the foremost men in intellectual power and daring that were ever born here" by North Carolinian Walter Hines Page.

References

Primary sources

• Argument in the impeachment trial of W. W. Holden. Raleigh: James A. Moore, 1871.
• Memoirs of W. W. Holden (published 1911) complete text
• Holden, William Woods. The Papers of William Woods Holden. Vol. 1: 1841–1868. Horace Raper and Thornton W. Mitchell, ed. Raleigh, Division of Arch. and Hist., Dept. of Cultural Resources, 2000. 457 pp.

Secondary sources

• Harris, William C. "William Woods Holden: in Search of Vindication." North Carolina Historical Review 1982 59(4): 354–372. ISSN 0029-2494
• Harris, William C. William Woods Holden, Firebrand of North Carolina Politics. Louisiana State U. Press, 1987. 332 pp.
• Folk, Edgar E. W.W. Holden, Political Journalist, Editor of N.C. Standard, 1843–1865. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of English, George Peabody College for Teachers. Nashville. 1934.
• Massengill, Stephen E. "The Detectives of William W. Holden, 1869–1870." North Carolina Historical Review 1985 62(4): 448–487. ISSN 0029-2494
• Raper, Horace W. William W. Holden: North Carolina's Political Enigma U. of North Carolina Press, 1985. 376 pp.
• Reid, Richard. "William W. Holden and 'Disloyalty' in the Civil War." Canadian Journal of History 1985 20(1): 23–44. ISSN 0008-4107 Fulltext online in Ebsco
• Wade, Wyn Craig. The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1987.

External links

• Memoirs of W. W. Holden. Durham, NC: The Seeman Printery, 1911.
• Dictionary of NC Biography
• William Woods Holden (1818–1892), from the Caswell County Historical Association

Political offices
Preceded by Zebulon B. Vance	Governor of North Carolina 1865	Succeeded by Jonathan Worth
Preceded by Jonathan Worth	Governor of North Carolina 1868–1871	Succeeded by Tod R. Caldwell