Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris
Region	Hallingdal, Valdres
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Eastern Norwegian Midland Norwegian Hallingmål-Valdris
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
Administrative map of Hallingdal and Valdres   Valdres   Hallingdal

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.

Phonology

Consonants

• /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ]) "the bar".
• /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].
• The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.
• The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was. Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].
• The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥], and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].
• The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.
• The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].

Vowels

• The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.
• The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ]. In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].
• Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].
• The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.
• Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].
• The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal) and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.

Grammar

Declension of nouns

Gender		Singular			Plural
		Indefinite	Definite	Dative	Indefinite	Definite	Dative
Feminine	Strong (with i- declension)	[suːɽ]	[suːɽɛ]	[suːɳ]	[ˈsuːˈɽɛ], [ˈsuːˈɽi]	[ˈsuːɽˈidn̩]	[ˈsuːˈɽu]
	Strong (with a-decl.)	[jaɪ̯t]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtɛ]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtn̩]	[jaɪ̯ta]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtadn̩]	[ˈjaɪ̯ˈtu]
	Weak (with u-decl.)	[ˈjɛnˈtɛ]	[ˈjɛnˈta]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉn]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉ]	[ˈjɛnˈtʉdn̩]	[ˈjɛnˈtu]
Masculine	Strong (with a-decl.)	[gʉːt]	[gʉːtn̩]	[gʉːta]	[ˈgʉːˈta]	[ˈgʉːˈtadn̩]	[ˈgʉːˈtu]
	Strong (with i-decl.)	[griːs]	[griːsn̩]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ]	[ˈgriːˈsɛ], [ˈgriːˈsi]	[ˈgriːˈsidn̩]	[griːsu]
	Weak (with a-decl.)	[ˈbakˈkɛ]	[ˈbakˈkin]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈka]	[ˈbakˈkadn̩]	[ˈbakˈku]
Neutrum	Strong	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]	[ˈhʉːˈsɛ]	[hʉːs]	[hʉːsɛ]
	Weak	[aʊ̯ga]	[aʊ̯ga(ə)]	[aʊ̯gaɛ]	[aʊ̯gʉ], [aʊ̯gu]	[aʊ̯gu], [aʊ̯gʉdn̩]	[aʊ̯gu]

Personal pronouns

Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Dative case	Possessive
				Feminine				Masculine				Neuter
				Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative		Subj./Obj.		Dative
				Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
1st p. sg.	[eː]	[meː]	[meː]	[miː]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪn]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]	[mɪt]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[ˈmiːˈnə]	[miː]
2nd person sg.	[dʉː]	[deː]	[deː]	[diː]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪn]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]	[dɪt]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[ˈdiːˈnə]	[diː]
3rd p. sg. f.	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[huː], [ˈhuːˈna]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ], [n]	[ˈhɛnˈnɛ(r)] ([ˈhɛnˈnar]), [ˈhɛnˈnɛs]
3rd p. sg. m.	[han], [n]	[han], [n]	[huːnu], [u]	[has]
3rd p. sg. n.	[dɛ]	[dɛ]	[di]	[siː]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪn]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]	[sɪt]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[ˈsiːˈnə]	[siː]
1st p. pl.	[meː], [mɞː]	[ʉs], [ɞs]	[ʉs], [ɞs]	[voːr]				[voʈ]		[ˈvoːˈre]					[ˈvoːˈru]
2nd p. pl.	[deː], [dɞː]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]	[ˈdikˈka(n)], [ˈdikˈku(n)]
3rd p. pl	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[daɪ̯]	[ˈdaɪ̯ˈris], [ˈdeːˈris], [ˈdeːˈres]