Demographics of India

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This article is about the people from India. For other uses, see Indian (disambiguation).
Demographics of India
File:India population density map en.svg
Map showing the population density of each district in India.
Population 1,236,344,631 (July 2014 est.)[1] (2nd)
Density 383 people per.sq.km (2011 est.)
Growth rate Increase 1.25% (2013) (94th)
Birth rate 20.22 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
Death rate 7.4 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
Life expectancy 68.89 years (2009 est.)
 • male 67.46 years (2009 est.)
 • female 72.61 years (2009 est.)
Fertility rate 2.3 children born/woman (SRS 2013)
Infant mortality rate 40 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years 31.2% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.)
15–64 years 63.6% (male 381,446,079/female 359,802,209) (2009 est.)
65 and over 5.3% (male 29,364,920/female 32,591,030) (2009 est.)
Sex ratio
At birth 1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 15 1.10 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
15–64 years 1.06 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
65 and over 0.90 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Nationality
Major ethnic See Ethnic Groups of India
Language
Official See Languages of India
File:IndiaIBRdata.jpg
Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)[2][3][4]
File:IndiaIMRates.jpg
Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India is the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.277 billion people (2015), more than a sixth of the world's population. Already containing 17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2022, surpassing China, its population reaching 1.6 billion by 2050.[5][6] Its population growth rate is 1.2%, ranking 94th in the world in 2013.[7] The Indian population had reached the billion mark by 1998.

India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. It is expected that, in 2020, the average age of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, India's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.[8]

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups,[9] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates (the Nihali language[10] spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir).

Further complexity is lent by the great variation that occurs across this population on social parameters such as income and education. Only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[11]

History

Ancient India in 300 BC may have had a population in the range 100–140 million. It has been estimated that the population was about 100 million in 1600 and remained nearly static until the late 19th century. It reached 255 million according to the first census taken in 1881.[12][13]

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[14]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes, better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.[15]

Salient features

India occupies 2.4% of the world's land area but supports over 17.5% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[16] lived in about 638,000 villages[17] and the remaining 27.8%[16] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[18]

India's population has exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people.[19] However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025.

Comparative demographics

Category Global Ranking Notes (Reference)
Area 7th [20]
Population 2nd [20]
Population growth rate 102nd of 212 in 2010[21]
Population density
(people per square kilometer of land area)		 24th of 212 in 2010[21]
Male to Female ratio, at birth 12th of 214 in 2009[22]

List of states and union territories by demographics

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Main article: List of States and Union Territories by demographics
S.No. Census Year Population [23] % Change [23]
1 1951 361,088,000 -----
2 1961 439,235,000 21.6
3 1971 548,160,000 24.8
4 1981 683,329,000 24.7
5 1991 846,387,888 23.9
6 2001 1,028,737,436 21.5
7 2011 1,210,726,932 17.7
Population distribution in India by states per 2001 census
S.No. State / Union Territory Type Population[24]  %[25] Area (km²)[26] Density (per km²) Males[24] Females[24] Sex Ratio[27] Literacy Rural Population[24] Urban Population[24]
1 Uttar Pradesh State 166,197,921 16.50 240,928 828 87,565,369 78,632,552 912 67.68 131,658,339 34,539,582
2 Maharashtra State 96,878,627 9.28 307,713 365 50,400,596 46,478,031 929 82.34 55,777,647 41,100,980
3 Bihar State 82,998,509 8.60 94,163 1,102 43,243,795 39,754,714 918 61.80 74,316,709 8,681,800
4 West Bengal State 80,176,197 7.54 88,752 1,030 41,465,985 38,710,212 950 76.26 57,748,946 22,427,251
5 Madhya Pradesh State 60,348,023 6.00 308,245 236 31,443,652 28,904,371 931 69.32 44,380,878 15,967,145
6 Tamil Nadu State 62,405,679 5.96 130,058 555 31,400,909 31,004,770 996 80.09 34,921,681 27,483,998
7 Rajasthan State 56,507,188 5.66 342,239 201 29,420,011 27,087,177 928 66.11 43,292,813 13,214,375
8 Karnataka State 52,850,562 5.05 191,791 319 26,898,918 25,951,644 973 75.36 34,889,033 17,961,529
9 Gujarat State 50,671,017 4.99 196,024 308 26,385,577 24,285,440 919 78.03 31,740,767 18,930,250
10 Andhra Pradesh (pre-bifurcation) State 76,210,007 4.08 160,200 308 38,527,413 37,682,594 996 67.41 34,776,389 14,610,410
11 Odisha State 36,804,660 3.47 155,707 269 18,660,570 18,144,090 979 72.87 31,287,422 5,517,238
12 Telangana State 35,193,978 2.9 114,845 308 42,442,146 42,138,631 990 66.83 20,624,678 6,198,530
13 Kerala State 31,841,374 2.76 38,863 859 15,468,614 16,372,760 1084 95.50 23,574,449 8,266,925
14 Jharkhand State 26,945,829 2.72 79,714 414 13,885,037 13,060,792 948 66.41 20,952,088 5,993,741
15 Assam State 26,655,528 2.58 78,438 397 13,777,037 12,878,491 958 72.19 23,216,288 3,439,240
16 Punjab State 24,358,999 2.29 50,362 550 12,985,045 11,373,954 895 75.84 16,096,488 8,262,511
17 Chhattisgarh State 20,833,803 2.11 135,191 189 10,474,218 10,359,585 991 70.28 16,648,056 4,185,747
18 Haryana State 21,144,564 2.09 44,212 573 11,363,953 9,780,611 879 75.55 15,029,260 6,115,304
19 Delhi UT 13,850,507 1.39 1484 11297 7,607,234 6,243,273 868 86.21 944,727 12,905,780
20 Jammu and Kashmir State 10,143,700 1.04 222,236 56 5,360,926 4,782,774 889 67.16 7,627,062 2,516,638
21 Uttarakhand State 8,489,349 0.83 53,483 189 4,325,924 4,163,425 963 78.82 6,310,275 2,179,074
22 Himachal Pradesh State 6,077,900 0.57 55,673 123 3,087,940 2,989,960 972 82.80 5,482,319 595,581
23 Tripura State 3,199,203 0.30 10,486 350 1,642,225 1,556,978 960 94.65 2,653,453 545,750
24 Meghalaya State 2,318,822 0.25 22,429 132 1,176,087 1,142,735 989 74.43 1,864,711 454,111
25 Manipur State 2,293,896 0.21 22,327 122 1,161,952 1,131,944 992 79.21 1,590,820 575,968
26 Nagaland State 1,990,036 0.16 16,579 119 1,047,141 942,895 931 79.55 1,647,249 342,787
27 Goa State 1,347,668 0.12 3,702 394 687,248 660,420 973 88.70 677,091 670,577
28 Arunachal Pradesh State 1,097,968 0.11 83,743 17 579,941 518,027 938 65.38 870,087 227,881
29 Pondicherry UT 974,345 0.10 479 2,598 486,961 487,384 1037 85.85 325,726 648,619
30 Mizoram State 888,573 0.09 21,081 52 459,109 429,464 976 91.33 447,567 441,006
31 Chandigarh UT 900,635 0.09 114 9,252 506,938 393,697 818 86.05 92,120 808,515
32 Sikkim State 540,851 0.05 7,096 86 288,484 252,367 890 81.42 480,981 59,870
33 Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT 356,152 0.03 8,249 46 192,972 163,180 876 86.63 239,954 116,198
34 Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT 220,490 0.03 491 698 121,666 98,824 774 76.24 170,027 50,463
35 Daman and Diu UT 158,204 0.02 112 2,169 92,512 65,692 618 87.10 100,856 57,348
36 Lakshadweep UT 60,650 0.01 32 2,013 31,131 29,519 946 91.85 33,683 26,967
TOTAL India 29 + 7 1,210,726,932 100 3,287,240 382 623,724,248 586,469,174 940 74.04 833,087,662 377,105,760

States and union territories

Rank India/State/UT No. of Districts
in 2001		 No. of Districts
in 2014		 No. of Districts
without any geographical change
1 Uttar Pradesh 45 71 -
2 Madhya Pradesh 45 51 -
3 Bihar 37 40 34
4 Maharashtra 35 36 31
5 Rajasthan 32 33 18
6 Tamil Nadu 30 32 25
7 Karnataka 27 30 24
8 Odisha 30 30 26
9 Assam 23 27 15
10 Gujarat 25 33 20
11 Jharkhand 18 24 9
12 Andhra Pradesh 23 13 13
13 Jammu and Kashmir 14 22 5
14 Haryana 19 21 17
15 Punjab 17 22 8
16 West Bengal 18 20 17
17 Chhattisgarh 16 27 8
18 Kerala 14 14 14
19 Arunachal Pradesh 13 17 10
20 Uttarakhand 13 13 11
21 Himachal Pradesh 12 12 12
22 Nagaland 8 11 3
23 Delhi 9 11 9
24 Manipur 9 9 9
25 Mizoram 8 8 4
26 Meghalaya 7 11 4
27 Sikkim 4 4 4
28 Tripura 4 8 2
29 Puducherry UT 4 4 4
30 Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT 2 3 1
31 Goa 2 2 2
32 Daman and Diu UT 2 2 2
33 Dadra and Nagar Haveli UT 1 1 1
34 Chandigarh UT 1 1 1
35 Lakshadweep UT 1 1 1
36 Telangana 0 10 10
Total INDIA 593 640 464

[28]

Religious demographics

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Main article: Religion in India

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The table below summarizes India's demographics (excluding Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2001 census in per cent. The data is "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); The 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.

Table 2: Census information for 2011[30]
Composition Hindus[31] Muslims[32] Christians[33] Sikhs[34] Buddhist[35] Jains[36] Others1[37]
 % of total population 79.80% 14.23% 2.30% 1.72% 0.70% 0.37% 0.89%
10-year growth % (est. 2001-2011)[38] 16.8% 24.6% 15.5% 8.4% 6.1% 5.4% 103.1%
No. of females per 1000 males (average = 943) 939 951 1023 903 965 954 995
Literacy rate (65% for age 7 and above, 2001 census)[39] 64.5% 60.0% 80.3% 70.4% 73.0% 95.0% 50.0%
Work participation rate 40.4 31.3 39.7 37.7 40.6 32.9 48.4
Rural sex ratio[38] 923 953 1001 895 958 937 995
Urban sex ratio[38] 922 907 1026 886 944 941 966
Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs) 925 950 964 786 942 870 976

^1 including Bahá'ís, Jews, and Parsis. Tribal Animists (and non religious) are included after 1926 (1931 census onwards)

Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011)[40][41][42][43]
Religious
group		 Population
% 1951		 Population
% 1961		 Population
% 1971		 Population
% 1981		 Population
% 1991		 Population
% 2001		 Population
% 2011[44]
Hinduism 84.1% 83.45% 82.73% 82.30% 81.53% 80.46% 79.80%
Islam 9.8% 10.69% 11.21% 11.75% 12.61% 13.43% 14.23%
Christianity 2.3% 2.44% 2.60% 2.44% 2.32% 2.34% 2.30%
Sikhism 1.79% 1.79% 1.89% 1.92% 1.94% 1.87% 1.72%
Buddhism 0.74% 0.74% 0.70% 0.70% 0.77% 0.77% 0.70%
Jainism 0.46% 0.46% 0.48% 0.47% 0.40% 0.41% 0.37%
Zoroastrianism 0.13% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.06% n/a
Other religions / No religion 0.43% 0.43% 0.41% 0.42% 0.44% 0.72% 0.9%

Neonatal and infant demographics

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Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.[45] The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, by gender, in the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than the female infant mortality rates.

Infant mortality demographic trends of India per 1000 births
Year Infant (0–1 year), male Infant (0–1 year), female Reference
1998 70 74 [46]
2005 56 58 [47]
2009 49 52 [48]

Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven - activists fear eight million female foetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.[49] These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that birth sex ratio between 1.08 to 1.12 can be because of natural factors, such as the age of mother at baby's birth, age of father at baby's birth, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, etc.[50] The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to 870-930 girls to 1000 boys birth sex ratios observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 to 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios below 900 girls to 1000 boys observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.[51][52]

Population within the age group of 0–6

State/UT Code India/State/UT Person Males Females
01 Jammu and Kashmir 2,008,670 1,080,662 927,982
02 Himachal Pradesh 763,864 400,681 363,183
03 Punjab 2,941,570 1,593,262 1,348,308
04 Chandigarh 117,953 63,187 54,766
05 Uttarakhand 1,328,844 704,769 624,075
06 Haryana 3,297,724 1,802,047 1,495,677
07 Delhi 1,970,510 1,055,735 914,775
08 Rajasthan 10,504,916 5,580,212 4,924,004
09 Uttar Pradesh 29,728,235 15,653,175 14,075,060
10 Bihar 18,582,229 9,615,280 8,966,949
11 Sikkim 61,077 31,418 29,659
12 Arunachal Pradesh 202,759 103,430 99,330
13 Nagaland 285,981 147,111 138,870
14 Manipur 353,237 182,684 170,553
15 Mizoram 165,536 83,965 81,571
16 Tripura 444,055 227,354 216,701
17 Meghalaya 555,822 282,189 273,633
18 Assam 4,511,307 2,305,088 2,206,219
19 West Bengal 10,112,599 5,187,264 4,925,335
20 Jharkhand 5,237,582 2,695,921 2,541,661
21 Odisha 5,035,650 2,603,208 2,432,442
22 Chhattisgarh 3,584,028 1,824,987 1,759,041
23 Madhya Pradesh 10,548,295 5,516,957 5,031,338
24 Gujarat 7,564464 3,974,286 3,519,890
25 Daman and Diu 25,880 13,556 12,314
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 49,196 25,575 23,621
27 Maharashtra 12,848,375 6,822,262 6,026,113
28 Andhra Pradesh 8,642,686 4,448,330 4,194,356
29 Karnataka 6,855,801 3,527,844 3,327,957
30 Goa 139,495 72,669 66,826
31 Lakshadweep 7,088 3,715 3,373
32 Kerala 3,322,247 1,695,889 1,626,358
33 Tamil Nadu 6,894,821 3,542,351 3,352,470
34 Puducherry 127,610 64,932 62,678
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 39,497 20,094 19,403
INDIA 158,789,287 82,952,135 75,837,152

[28]

Population above the age of 7

File:2011-2016 Life Expectancy map for India by states.svg
Life expectancy map of India, 2011-2016.[53]
State/UT
code		 Name Population
Total Male Female
1 Jammu and Kashmir - - -
2 Himachal Pradesh - - -
3 Punjab - - -
4 Chandigarh - - -
5 Uttarakhand - - -
6 Haryana 22,055,357 11,703,083 10,352,274
7 Delhi 14,782,725 7,920,675 6,862,050
8 Rajasthan 58,116,096 30,039,874 28,076,222
9 Uttar Pradesh 169,853,242 88,943,240 80,910,002
10 Bihar 85,222,408 44,570,067 40,652,341
11 Sikkim 546,611 290,243 256,368
12 Arunachal Pradesh 1,179,852 616,802 563,050
13 Nagaland 1,694,621 878,596 816,025
14 Manipur 2,368,519 1,187,080 1,181,439
15 Mizoram 925,478 468,374 457,104
16 Tripura 3,226,977 1,644,513 1,582,464
17 Meghalaya 2,408,185 1,210,479 1,197,706
18 Assam 26,657,965 13,649,839 13,008,126
19 West Bengal 81,235,137 41,740,125 39,495,012
20 Jharkhand 27,728,656 14,235,767 13,492,889
21 Odisha 36,911,708 18,598,470 18,313,238
22 Chhattisgarh 21,956,168 11,002,928 10,953,240
23 Madhya Pradesh 62,049,270 32,095,963 29,953,307
24 Gujarat 52,889,452 27,507,996 25,381,456
25 Daman and Diu 217,031 136,544 80,487
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 293,657 167,603 126,054
27 Maharashtra 99,524,597 51,539,135 47,985,462
28 Andhra Pradesh 76,022,847 38,061,551 37,961,296
29 Karnataka 54,274,903 27,529,898 26,745,005
30 Goa 1,318,228 668,042 650,186
31 Lakshadweep 57,341 29,391 27,950
32 Kerala - - -
33 Tamil Nadu 65,244,137 32,616,520 32,627,617
34 Puducherry 1,116,854 545,553 571,301
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 340,447 182,236 158,211
India[28] 1,051,404,135 540,772,113 510,632,022

Literacy rate

File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg
Literacy rate map of India, 2011.[54]
State
/UT Code		 India/State/UT Literate Persons (%) Males (%) Females (%)
01 Jammu and Kashmir 86.61 87.26 86.23+-
02 Himachal Pradesh 83.78 90.83 76.60
03 Punjab 76.6 81.48 71.34
04 Chandigarh 86.43 90.54 81.38
05 Uttarakhand 79.63 88.33 70.70
06 Haryana 76.64 85.38 66.77
07 Delhi 86.34 91.03 80.93
08 Rajasthan 67.06 80.51 52.66
09 Uttar Pradesh 69.72 79.24 59.26
10 Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33
11 Sikkim 82.20 87.29 76.43
12 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95 73.69 59.57
13 Nagaland 80.11 83.29 76.69
14 Manipur 79.85 86.49 73.17
15 Mizoram 91.58 93.72 89.40
16 Tripura 87.75 92.18 83.15
17 Meghalaya 75.48 77.17 73.78
18 Assam 73.18 78.81 67.27
19 West Bengal 77.08 82.67 71.16
20 Jharkhand 67.63 78.45 56.21
21 Odisha 72.9 82.40 64.36
22 Chhattisgarh 71.04 81.45 60.59
23 Madhya Pradesh 70.63 80.53 60.02
24 Gujarat 79.31 87.23 70.73
25 Daman and Diu 87.07 91.48 79.59
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 77.65 86.46 65.93
27 Maharashtra 83.2 89.82 75.48
28 Andhra Pradesh 67.66 75.56 59.74
29 Karnataka 75.60 82.85 68.13
30 Goa 87.40 92.81 81.84
31 Lakshadweep 92.28 96.11 88.25
32 Kerala 93.91 96.02 91.98
33 Tamil Nadu 80.33 86.81 73.86
34 Puducherry 86.55 92.12 81.22
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 86.27 90.11 81.84
INDIA 74.03 82.14 65.46

[28]

Linguistic demographics

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Main article: List of languages by number of native speakers in India

41.03% of the Indians speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages.

The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census[55]
Rank Language Speakers Percentage
1 Hindi dialects[56] 422,048,642 41.03%
2 Bengali 83,369,769 8.11%
3 Telugu 74,002,856 7.19%
4 Marathi 71,936,894 6.99%
5 Tamil 60,793,814 5.91%
6 Urdu 51,536,111 5.01%
7 Gujarati 46,091,617 4.48%
8 Kannada 37,924,011 3.69%
9 Malayalam 33,066,392 3.21%
10 Odia 33,017,446 3.21%
11 Punjabi 29,102,477 2.83%
12 Assamese 13,168,484 1.28%
13 Maithili 12,179,122 1.18%
14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9,582,957 0.93%
15 Santali 6,469,600 0.63%
16 Kashmiri 5,527,698 0.54%
17 Nepali 2,871,749 0.28%
18 Gondi 2,713,790 0.26%
19 Sindhi 2,535,485 0.25%
20 Konkani 2,489,015 0.24%
21 Dogri 2,282,589 0.22%
22 Khandeshi 2,075,258 0.20%
23 Kurukh 1,751,489 0.17%
24 Tulu 1,722,768 0.17%
25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1,466,705* 0.14%
26 Bodo 1,350,478 0.13%
27 Khasi - Garo 1,128,575 0.112%
28 Mundari 1,061,352 0.105%
29 Ho 1,042,724 0.103%

Largest cities

 
Largest cities or towns in India
Census India, 2011 [57]
Rank Name State/UT Pop. Rank Name State/UT Pop.
Mumbai
Mumbai
Delhi
Delhi		 1 Mumbai Maharashtra 12,478,447 11 Jaipur Rajasthan 3,073,350 Bengaluru
Bengaluru
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
2 Delhi Delhi 11,007,835 12 Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 2,920,067
3 Bengaluru Karnataka 8,425,970 13 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2,901,474
4 Hyderabad Telangana 6,809,970 14 Nagpur Maharashtra 2,405,421
5 Ahmedabad Gujarat 5,570,585 15 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1,960 521
6 Chennai Tamil Nadu 4,681,087 16 Thane Maharastra 1,818,872
7 Kolkata West Bengal 4,486,679 17 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1,795,648
8 Surat Gujarat 4,462,002 18 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 1,730,320
9 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 3,676,841 19 Pimpri-Chinchwad Maharashtra 1,729,359
10 Pune Maharashtra 3,115,431 20 Patna Bihar 1,683,200


Vital statistics

UN estimates

Period Births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 16,832,000 9,928,000 6,904,000 43.3 25.5 17.7 5.90 165.0
1955–1960 17,981,000 9,686,000 8,295,000 42.1 22.7 19.4 5.90 153.1
1960–1965 19,086,000 9,358,000 9,728,000 40.4 19.8 20.6 5.82 140.1
1965–1970 20,611,000 9,057,000 11,554,000 39.2 17.2 22.0 5.69 128.5
1970–1975 22,022,000 8,821,000 13,201,000 37.5 15.0 22.5 5.26 118.0
1975–1980 24,003,000 8,584,000 15,419,000 36.3 13.0 23.3 4.89 106.4
1980–1985 25,577,000 8,763,000 16,814,000 34.5 11.8 22.7 4.47 95.0
1985–1990 26,935,000 9,073,000 17,862,000 32.5 10.9 21.5 4.11 85.1
1990–1995 27,566,000 9,400,000 18,166,000 30.0 10.2 19.8 3.72 76.4
1995–2000 27,443,000 9,458,000 17,985,000 27.2 9.4 17.8 3.31 68.9
2000–2005 27,158,000 9,545,000 17,614,000 24.8 8.7 16.1 2.96 60.7
2005–2010 27,271,000 9,757,000 17,514,000 23.1 8.3 14.8 2.73 52.9
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs website > World Population Prospects: The 2010 revision.[58]

Sample Registration System

File:2012 Fertility rate map of India, births per woman by its states and union territories.svg
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012[59]
File:India TFR regions 2011.png
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Average population
(x 1000)		 Live births1 Deaths1 Natural change Crude birth rate
(per 1000)		 Crude death rate
(per 1000)		 Natural change
(per 1000)		 Total Fertility Rate
1981 716 493 24 289 000 8 956 000 15 333 000 33.9 12.5 21.4
1982 733 152 24 781 000 8 725 000 16 056 000 33.8 11.9 21.9
1983 750 034 25 276 000 8 925 000 16 351 000 33.7 11.9 21.8
1984 767 147 26 006 000 9 666 000 16 340 000 33.9 12.6 21.3
1985 784 491 25 810 000 9 257 000 16 553 000 32.9 11.8 21.1
1986 802 052 26 147 000 8 903 000 17 244 000 32.6 11.1 21.5
1987 819 800 26 316 000 8 936 000 17 380 000 32.1 10.9 21.2
1988 837 700 26 388 000 9 215 000 17 173 000 31.5 11.0 20.5
1989 855 707 26 185 000 8 814 000 17 371 000 30.6 10.3 20.3
1990 873 785 26 388 000 8 476 000 17 912 000 30.2 9.7 20.5 3.8
1991 891 910 26 133 000 8 741 000 17 392 000 29.3 9.8 19.5
1992 910 065 26 392 000 9 192 000 17 200 000 29.0 10.1 18.9
1993 928 226 26 640 000 8 633 000 18 007 000 28.7 9.3 19.4
1994 946 373 27 161 000 8 801 000 18 360 000 28.7 9.3 19.4
1995 964 486 27 295 000 8 680 000 18 615 000 28.3 9.0 19.3 3.5
1996 982 553 26 824 000 8 745 000 18 079 000 27.3 8.9 18.4
1997 1 000 558 27 215 000 8 905 000 18 310 000 27.2 8.9 18.3
1998 1 018 471 26 989 000 9 166 000 17 823 000 26.5 9.0 17.5
1999 1 036 259 26 943 000 9 015 000 17 928 000 26.0 8.7 17.3
2000 1 053 898 27 191 000 8 958 000 18 233 000 25.8 8.5 17.3 3.2
2001 1 071 374 27 213 000 9 000 000 18 213 000 25.4 8.4 17.0
2002 1 088 694 27 217 000 8 818 000 18 399 000 25.0 8.1 16.9
2003 1 105 886 27 426 000 8 847 000 18 579 000 24.8 8.0 16.8
2004 1 122 991 27 064 000 8 422 000 18 642 000 24.1 7.5 16.6
2005 1 140 043 27 133 000 8 664 000 18 469 000 23.8 7.6 16.2 2.9
2006 1 157 039 27 190 000 8 678 000 18 512 000 23.5 7.5 16.0
2007 1 173 972 27 119 000 8 687 000 18 432 000 23.1 7.4 15.7
2008 1 190 864 27 152 000 8 812 000 18 340 000 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.6
2009 1 207 740 27 174 000 8 817 000 18 357 000 22.5 7.3 15.2 2.6
2010 1 224 614 27 064 000 8 817 000 18 247 000 22.1 7.2 14.9 2.5
2011 1 242 738 27 092 000 8 823 000 18 268 000 21.8 7.1 14.7 2.44
2012 1 261 006 27 237 000 8 827 000 18 410 000 21.6 7.0 14.6 2.4
2013 1 279 416 27 379 500 8 956 000 18 423 600 21.4 7.0 14.4 2.3

1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Sources: United Nations Statistics Division website > Demographic Yearbooks,[60] Census of India website > Vital Statistics > Sample Registration System.[61]

Structure of the population [62]

Structure of the population (01.05.2010) (Census) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined)  :

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 623 270 258 587 584 719 1 210 854 977 100
0-4 58 632 074 54 174 704 112 806 778 9,32
5-9 66 300 466 60 627 660 126 928 126 10,48
10-14 69 418 835 63 290 377 132 709 212 10,96
15-19 63 982 396 56 544 053 120 526 449 9,95
20-24 57 584 693 53 839 529 111 424 222 9,20
25-29 51 344 208 50 069 757 101 413 965 8,38
30-34 44 660 674 43 934 277 88 594 951 7,32
35-39 42 919 381 42 221 303 85 140 684 7,03
40-44 37 545 386 34 892 726 72 438 112 5,98
45-49 32 138 114 30 180 213 62 318 327 5,15
50-54 25 843 266 23 225 988 49 069 254 4,05
55-59 19 456 012 19 690 043 39 146 055 3,23
60-64 18 701 749 18 961 958 37 663 707 3,11
65-69 12 944 326 13 510 657 26 454 983 2,18
70-74 9 651 499 9 557 343 19 208 842 1,59
75-79 4 490 603 4 741 900 9 232 503 0,76
80-84 2 927 040 3 293 189 6 220 229 0,51
85-89 1 120 106 1 263 061 2 383 167 0,20
90-94 652 465 794 069 1 446 534 0,12
95-99 294 759 338 538 633 297 0,05
100+ 289 325 316 453 605 778 0,05
unknown 2 372 881 2 116 921 4 489 802 0,37
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 194 351 375 178 092 741 372 444 116 30,76
15-64 394 175 879 373 559 847 767 735 726 63,40
65+ 32 370 123 33 815 210 66 185 333 5,47

Fertility rate

From the Demographic Health Survey:[63]

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate):

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1992-1993 28,7 3,39 (2,64) 24,1 2,70 (2,09) 30,4 3,67 (2,86)
1998-1999 24,8 2,85 (2,13) 20,9 2,27 (1,73) 26,2 3,07 (2,28)
2003-2005 23,1 2,68 (1,9) 18,8 2,06 (1,6) 25,0 2,98 (2,1)

TFR = total/wanted fertility rate, CBR = crude birth rate.

Regional vital statistics

The below table gives the vital statistics (Births, Deaths, IMR and NGR) for the year 2010, according to the Registrar Gen., India.[64]

State Birth
Rate		 BR
Rural		 BR
Urban		 Death
Rate		 DR
Rural		 DR
Urban		 NGR NGR
Rural		 NGR
Urban		 IMR
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 18.3 16.7 7.6 8.6 5.4 1.02% 0.97% 1.13% 46
Assam 23.2 24.4 15.8 8.2 8.6 5.8 1.49% 1.58% 1.01% 58
Arunachal Pradesh 28.1 28.8 22.0 6.8 7.0 5.6 2.13% 2.18% 1.64% 48
Chhattisgarh 25.3 26.8 18.6 8.0 8.4 6.2 1.73% 1.84% 1.24% 51
Delhi 17.8 19.7 17.5 4.2 4.6 4.1 1.36% 1.50% 1.34% 30
Gujarat 21.8 23.3 19.4 6.7 7.5 5.5 1.51% 1.58% 1.40% 44
Haryana 22.3 23.3 19.8 6.6 7.0 5.6 1.57% 1.63% 1.43% 48
Jammu and Kashmir 18.3 19.5 13.5 5.7 5.9 4.7 1.26% 1.36% 0.88% 43
Jharkhand 25.3 26.7 19.3 7.0 7.4 5.4 1.83% 1.93% 1.39% 42
Karnataka 19.2 20.2 17.5 7.1 8.1 5.4 1.21% 1.21% 1.21% 38
Kerala 14.8 14.8 14.8 7.0 7.1 6.7 0.78% 0.77% 0.81% 13
Madhya Pradesh 27.3 29.2 20.5 8.3 9.0 6.0 1.89% 2.02% 1.45% 62
Maharashtra 35.1 34.6 26.4 26.3 25.5 22.3 3.06% 3.02% 3.11% 78
Odisha 20.5 21.4 15.2 8.6 9.0 6.6 1.19% 1.24% 0.86% 61
Punjab 16.6 17.2 15.6 7.0 7.7 5.8 0.96% 0.95% 0.98% 34
Rajasthan 26.7 27.9 22.9 6.7 6.9 6.0 2.00% 2.09% 1.69% 55
Tamil Nadu 15.9 16.0 15.8 7.6 8.2 6.9 0.83% 0.78% 0.89% 24
Uttar Pradesh 28.3 29.2 24.2 8.1 8.5 6.3 2.02% 2.07% 1.79% 61
West Bengal 16.8 18.6 11.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 1.07% 1.26% 0.56% 31
Bihar 20.5 22.1 14.6 5.9 6.9 2.3 1.46% 1.52% 1.23% 31
Goa 13.2 12.6 13.7 6.6 8.1 5.7 0.66% 0.45% 0.80% 10
Himachal Pradesh 16.9 17.5 11.5 6.9 7.2 4.2 1.00% 1.03% 0.73% 40
Manipur 14.9 14.8 15.3 4.2 4.3 4.0 1.07% 1.05% 1.13% 14
Meghalaya 24.5 26.6 14.8 7.9 8.4 5.6 1.66% 1.82% 0.92% 55
Mizoram 17.1 21.1 13.0 4.5 5.4 3.7 1.25% 1.57% 0.93% 37
Nagaland 16.8 17.0 16.0 3.6 3.7 3.3 1.32% 1.33% 1.27% 23
Sikkim 17.8 18.1 16.1 5.6 5.9 3.8 1.23% 1.23% 1.23% 30
Tripura 14.9 15.6 11.5 5.0 4.8 5.7 0.99% 1.08% 0.58% 27
Uttarakhand 19.3 20.2 16.2 6.3 6.7 5.1 1.30% 1.35% 1.11% 38
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 15.6 15.5 15.8 4.3 4.8 3.3 1.13% 1.07% 1.26% 25
Chandigarh 15.6 21.6 15.0 3.9 3.7 3.9 1.16% 1.79% 1.10% 22
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 26.6 26.0 28.6 4.7 5.1 3.3 2.19% 2.09% 2.53% 38
Daman and Diu 18.8 19.1 18.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 1.39% 1.42% 1.36% 23
Lakshadweep 14.3 15.5 13.2 6.4 6.1 6.7 0.80% 0.95% 0.65% 25
Puducherry 16.7 16.7 16.7 7.4 8.2 7.0 0.93% 0.85% 0.96% 22

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA);[65] 1,210 million (2011 census)[66]

File:2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg
Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.[67]
Rural population

72.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755 (2001 census)

Age structure

0–14 years: 30.8%; male: 188,208,196, female: 171,356,024
15–64 years: 64.3%; male: 386,432,921, female: 364,215,759
65+ years: 4.9%; male: 27,258,259, female: 30,031,289 (2007 est.)

Median age

25.1 years

Population growth rate

1.548% (2009 est.)

Literacy rate

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)[54]
81.4% (total population, age 15-25, in 2006)[68]

Per cent of population below poverty line

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.8%

Net migration rate

−0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.908 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 65.8 years (source: UN Human Development Report, 2013)

Total fertility rate

2.72 children born/woman (2009 est.), although more up-to-date statistics indicate that India's TFR was 2.6 in 2008[69]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) according to religion in 2001 was: Hindus 2.4, Muslims 2.8, Sikhs 2.1, Christians 2.1, Buddhists 2.1, Jains 1.4, animists and others 2.99, tribals 3.16, scheduled castes 2.89[citation needed]

Religions

Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.8%, Buddhists 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, others 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)[70][71][72][73]

Scheduled castes and tribes

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);[74][75] scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[76][77]

Population projections

India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability.[78][79] Note that these projections make assumptions about future fertility and death rates which may not turn out to be correct in the event. Fertility rates also vary from region to region, with some higher than the national average and some lower.

Source:[80]

  • 2020: 1,326,093,000
  • 2030: 1,460,743,000
  • 2040: 1,571,715,000
  • 2050: 1,656,554,000

2020 estimate

In millions (example: 361 = 361,000,000)

Source:[81]

Year Under 15 15–64 65+ Total
2000 361 604 45 1010
2005 368 673 51 1093
2010 370 747 58 1175
2015 372 819 65 1256
2020 373 882 76 1332

Ethnic groups

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See also: South Asian ethnic groups, Ethnic relations in India, Historical definitions of races in India, and Caste system in India

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,[82] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200-3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[83][84]

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighboring countries) see ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent or the tree diagram above.

Genetics

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See also: Y-DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations

Y-chromosome DNA

[85]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[86]

  • H ~ 30%
  • R1a ~ 20%
  • R2 ~ 15%
  • L ~ 10%
  • NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
  • Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA

[87]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[88]

Autosomal DNA

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

  • In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now ; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[89]
  • In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[90][91]
  • Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data shows historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[91]
  • In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[92][93]
  • The genome studies through 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Any conclusions on demographic history of India must therefore be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[90]

See also

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Government

Lists

Notes

  1. ↑ Excludes figures of Paomata, Mao Maram and Purul sub-districts of Senapati district of Manipur state
  2. ↑ The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.

References

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  13. ↑ Parameswara Krishnan, Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography (Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) ISBN 978-8176466387.
  14. ↑ J.H. Khan, "Population growth and demographic change in India", Asian Profile (2004) 32#5 pp. 441–460.
  15. ↑ Ira Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution," Indian Economic Social History Review (1990) 27#1 pp 33-63 doi: 10.1177/001946469002700102.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rural-Urban distribution Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Rural-Urban Distribution. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved on 2008-11-26.
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  55. ↑ Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2000, Census of India, 2001
  56. ↑ includes Western Hindi, Eastern Hindi, Bihari languages, Rajasthani languages and Pahari languages.
  57. ↑ Weblink
  58. ↑ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs website > World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
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  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Based on P.N. Mari Bhat, "Indian Demographic Scenario 2025", Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, Discussion Paper No. 27/2001.
  82. ↑ Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. Indian Census
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Hammer et al. 2005, S. Sahoo et al. 2006, R. Trivedi et al. 2007, Zhao et al. 2008
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Semino et al. 2000, Kivisild et al. 2003, Metspalu et al. 2004, Rajkumar et al. 2005, Chandrasekar et al. 2007, Gonzalez et al. 2007
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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